» Intentions

Intentions define access control for services via Connect and are used to control which services may establish connections. Intentions can be managed via the API, CLI, or UI.

Intentions are enforced by the proxy or natively integrated application on inbound connections. After verifying the TLS client certificate, the authorize API endpoint is called which verifies the connection is allowed by testing the intentions. If authorize returns false the connection must be terminated.

The default intention behavior is defined by the default ACL policy. If the default ACL policy is "allow all", then all Connect connections are allowed by default. If the default ACL policy is "deny all", then all Connect connections are denied by default.

» Intention Basics

Intentions can be managed via the API, CLI, or UI. Please see the respective documentation for each for full details on options, flags, etc. Below is an example of a basic intention to show the basic attributes of an intention. The full data model of an intention can be found in the API documentation.

$ consul intention create -deny web db
Created: web => db (deny)

The intention above is a deny intention with a source of "web" and destination of "db". This says that connections from web to db are not allowed and the connection will be rejected.

When an intention is modified, existing connections will not be affected. This means that changing a connection from "allow" to "deny" today will not kill the connection. Addressing this shortcoming is on the near term roadmap for Consul.

» Wildcard Intentions

An intention source or destination may also be the special wildcard value *. This matches any value and is used as a catch-all. Example:

$ consul intention create -deny web '*'
Created: web => * (deny)

This example says that the "web" service cannot connect to any service.

» Metadata

Arbitrary string key/value data may be associated with intentions. This is unused by Consul but can be used by external systems or for visibility in the UI.

$ consul intention create \
  -deny \
  -meta description='Hello there' \
  web db
...

$ consul intention get web db
Source:             web
Destination:        db
Action:             deny
ID:                 31449e02-c787-f7f4-aa92-72b5d9b0d9ec
Meta[description]:  Hello there
Created At:         Friday, 25-May-18 02:07:51 CEST

» Precedence and Match Order

Intentions are matched in an implicit order based on specificity, preferring deny over allow. Specificity is determined by whether a value is an exact specified value or is the wildcard value *. The full precedence table is shown below and is evaluated top to bottom, with larger numbers being evaluated first.

The precedence value can be read from the API after an intention is created. Precedence cannot be manually overridden today. This is a feature that will be added in a later version of Consul.

In the case the two precedence values match, Consul will evaluate intentions based on lexographical ordering of the destination then source name. In practice, this is a moot point since authorizing a connection has an exact source and destination value so its impossible for two valid non-wildcard intentions to match.

The numbers in the table above are not stable. Their ordering will remain fixed but the actual number values may change in the future. The numbers are non-contiguous because there are some unused values in the middle in preparation for a future version of Consul supporting namespaces.

» Intention Management Permissions

Intention management can be protected by ACLs. Permissions for intentions are destination-oriented, meaning the ACLs for managing intentions are looked up based on the destination value of the intention, not the source.

Intention permissions are by default implicitly granted at read level when granting service:read or service:write. This is because a service registered that wants to use Connect needs intentions:read for its own service name in order to know whether or not to authorize connections. The following ACL policy will implicitly grant intentions:read (note read) for service web.

service "web" {
  policy = "write"
}

It is possible to explicitly specify intention permissions. For example, the following policy will allow a service to be discovered without granting access to read intentions for it.

service "web" {
  policy = "read"
  intentions = "deny"
}

Note that intentions:read is required for a token that a Connect-enabled service uses to register itself or it's proxy. If the token used does not have intentions:read then the agent will be unable to resolve intentions for the service and so will not be able to authorize any incoming connections.

» Performance and Intention Updates

The intentions for services registered with a Consul agent are cached locally on that agent. They are then updated via a background blocking query against the Consul servers.

Connect connection attempts require only local agent communication for authorization and generally impose only impose microseconds of latency to the connection. All actions in the data path of connections require only local data to ensure minimal performance overhead.

Updates to intentions are propagated nearly instantly to agents since agents maintain a continuous blocking query in the background for intention updates for registered services.

Because all the intention data is cached locally, the agents can fail static. Even if the agents are severed completely from the Consul servers, inbound connection authorization continues to work for a configured amount of time. Changes to intentions will not be picked up until the partition heals, but will then automatically take effect when connectivity is restored.