Name

lua-resty-mysql - Lua MySQL client driver for ngx_lua based on the cosocket API

Table of Contents

Status

This library is considered production ready.

Description

This Lua library is a MySQL client driver for the ngx_lua nginx module:

http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule

This Lua library takes advantage of ngx_lua's cosocket API, which ensures 100% nonblocking behavior.

Note that at least ngx_lua 0.9.11 or ngx_openresty 1.7.4.1 is required.

Also, the bit library is also required. If you're using LuaJIT 2.0 with ngx_lua, then the bit library is already available by default.

Synopsis

    # you do not need the following line if you are using
    # the ngx_openresty bundle:
    lua_package_path "/path/to/lua-resty-mysql/lib/?.lua;;";

    server {
        location /test {
            content_by_lua '
                local mysql = require "resty.mysql"
                local db, err = mysql:new()
                if not db then
                    ngx.say("failed to instantiate mysql: ", err)
                    return
                end

                db:set_timeout(1000) -- 1 sec

                -- or connect to a unix domain socket file listened
                -- by a mysql server:
                --     local ok, err, errcode, sqlstate =
                --           db:connect{
                --              path = "/path/to/mysql.sock",
                --              database = "ngx_test",
                --              user = "ngx_test",
                --              password = "ngx_test" }

                local ok, err, errcode, sqlstate = db:connect{
                    host = "127.0.0.1",
                    port = 3306,
                    database = "ngx_test",
                    user = "ngx_test",
                    password = "ngx_test",
                    max_packet_size = 1024 * 1024 }

                if not ok then
                    ngx.say("failed to connect: ", err, ": ", errcode, " ", sqlstate)
                    return
                end

                ngx.say("connected to mysql.")

                local res, err, errcode, sqlstate =
                    db:query("drop table if exists cats")
                if not res then
                    ngx.say("bad result: ", err, ": ", errcode, ": ", sqlstate, ".")
                    return
                end

                res, err, errcode, sqlstate =
                    db:query("create table cats "
                             .. "(id serial primary key, "
                             .. "name varchar(5))")
                if not res then
                    ngx.say("bad result: ", err, ": ", errcode, ": ", sqlstate, ".")
                    return
                end

                ngx.say("table cats created.")

                res, err, errcode, sqlstate =
                    db:query("insert into cats (name) "
                             .. "values (\'Bob\'),(\'\'),(null)")
                if not res then
                    ngx.say("bad result: ", err, ": ", errcode, ": ", sqlstate, ".")
                    return
                end

                ngx.say(res.affected_rows, " rows inserted into table cats ",
                        "(last insert id: ", res.insert_id, ")")

                -- run a select query, expected about 10 rows in
                -- the result set:
                res, err, errcode, sqlstate =
                    db:query("select * from cats order by id asc", 10)
                if not res then
                    ngx.say("bad result: ", err, ": ", errcode, ": ", sqlstate, ".")
                    return
                end

                local cjson = require "cjson"
                ngx.say("result: ", cjson.encode(res))

                -- put it into the connection pool of size 100,
                -- with 10 seconds max idle timeout
                local ok, err = db:set_keepalive(10000, 100)
                if not ok then
                    ngx.say("failed to set keepalive: ", err)
                    return
                end

                -- or just close the connection right away:
                -- local ok, err = db:close()
                -- if not ok then
                --     ngx.say("failed to close: ", err)
                --     return
                -- end
            ';
        }
    }

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Methods

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new

syntax: db, err = mysql:new()

Creates a MySQL connection object. In case of failures, returns nil and a string describing the error.

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connect

syntax: ok, err = db:connect(options)

Attempts to connect to the remote MySQL server.

The options argument is a Lua table holding the following keys:

Before actually resolving the host name and connecting to the remote backend, this method will always look up the connection pool for matched idle connections created by previous calls of this method.

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set_timeout

syntax: db:set_timeout(time)

Sets the timeout (in ms) protection for subsequent operations, including the connect method.

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set_keepalive

syntax: ok, err = db:set_keepalive(max_idle_timeout, pool_size)

Puts the current MySQL connection immediately into the ngx_lua cosocket connection pool.

You can specify the max idle timeout (in ms) when the connection is in the pool and the maximal size of the pool every nginx worker process.

In case of success, returns 1. In case of errors, returns nil with a string describing the error.

Only call this method in the place you would have called the close method instead. Calling this method will immediately turn the current resty.mysql object into the closed state. Any subsequent operations other than connect() on the current objet will return the closed error.

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get_reused_times

syntax: times, err = db:get_reused_times()

This method returns the (successfully) reused times for the current connection. In case of error, it returns nil and a string describing the error.

If the current connection does not come from the built-in connection pool, then this method always returns 0, that is, the connection has never been reused (yet). If the connection comes from the connection pool, then the return value is always non-zero. So this method can also be used to determine if the current connection comes from the pool.

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close

syntax: ok, err = db:close()

Closes the current mysql connection and returns the status.

In case of success, returns 1. In case of errors, returns nil with a string describing the error.

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send_query

syntax: bytes, err = db:send_query(query)

Sends the query to the remote MySQL server without waiting for its replies.

Returns the bytes successfully sent out in success and otherwise returns nil and a string describing the error.

You should use the read_result method to read the MySQL replies afterwards.

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read_result

syntax: res, err, errcode, sqlstate = db:read_result()

syntax: res, err, errcode, sqlstate = db:read_result(nrows)

Reads in one result returned from the MySQL server.

It returns a Lua table (res) describing the MySQL OK packet or result set packet for the query result.

For queries corresponding to a result set, it returns an array holding all the rows. Each row holds key-value apirs for each data fields. For instance,

    {
        { name = "Bob", age = 32, phone = ngx.null },
        { name = "Marry", age = 18, phone = "10666372"}
    }

For queries that do not correspond to a result set, it returns a Lua table like this:

    {
        insert_id = 0,
        server_status = 2,
        warning_count = 1,
        affected_rows = 32,
        message = nil
    }

If more results are following the current result, a second err return value will be given the string again. One should always check this (second) return value and if it is again, then she should call this method again to retrieve more results. This usually happens when the original query contains multiple statements (separated by semicolon in the same query string) or calling a MySQL procedure. See also Multi-Resultset Support.

In case of errors, this method returns at most 4 values: nil, err, errcode, and sqlstate. The err return value contains a string describing the error, the errcode return value holds the MySQL error code (a numerical value), and finally, the sqlstate return value contains the standard SQL error code that consists of 5 characters. Note that, the errcode and sqlstate might be nil if MySQL does not return them.

The optional argument nrows can be used to specify an approximate number of rows for the result set. This value can be used to pre-allocate space in the resulting Lua table for the result set. By default, it takes the value 4.

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query

syntax: res, err, errcode, sqlstate = db:query(query)

syntax: res, err, errcode, sqlstate = db:query(query, nrows)

This is a shortcut for combining the send_query call and the first read_result call.

You should always check if the err return value is again in case of success because this method will only call read_result only once for you. See also Multi-Resultset Support.

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server_ver

syntax: str = db:server_ver()

Returns the MySQL server version string, like "5.1.64".

You should only call this method after successfully connecting to a MySQL server, otherwise nil will be returned.

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set_compact_arrays

syntax: db:set_compact_arrays(boolean)

Sets whether to use the "compact-arrays" structure for the resultsets returned by subsequent queries. See the compact_arrays option for the connect method for more details.

This method was first introduced in the v0.09 release.

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SQL Literal Quoting

It is always important to quote SQL literals properly to prevent SQL injection attacks. You can use the ngx.quote_sql_str function provided by ngx_lua to quote values. Here is an example:

    local name = ngx.unescape_uri(ngx.var.arg_name)
    local quoted_name = ngx.quote_sql_str(name)
    local sql = "select * from users where name = " .. quoted_name

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Multi-Resultset Support

For a SQL query that produces multiple result-sets, it is always your duty to check the "again" error message returned by the query or read_result method calls, and keep pulling more result sets by calling the read_result method until no "again" error message returned (or some other errors happen).

Below is a trivial example for this:

    local cjson = require "cjson"
    local mysql = require "resty.mysql"

    local db = mysql:new()
    local ok, err, errcode, sqlstate = db:connect({
        host = "127.0.0.1",
        port = 3306,
        database = "world",
        user = "monty",
        password = "pass"})

    if not ok then
        ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "failed to connect: ", err, ": ", errcode, " ", sqlstate)
        return ngx.exit(500)
    end

    res, err, errcode, sqlstate = db:query("select 1; select 2; select 3;")
    if not res then
        ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "bad result #1: ", err, ": ", errcode, ": ", sqlstate, ".")
        return ngx.exit(500)
    end

    ngx.say("result #1: ", cjson.encode(res))

    local i = 2
    while err == "again" do
        res, err, errcode, sqlstate = db:read_result()
        if not res then
            ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "bad result #", i, ": ", err, ": ", errcode, ": ", sqlstate, ".")
            return ngx.exit(500)
        end

        ngx.say("result #", i, ": ", cjson.encode(res))
        i = i + 1
    end

    local ok, err = db:set_keepalive(10000, 50)
    if not ok then
        ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "failed to set keepalive: ", err)
        ngx.exit(500)
    end

This code snippet will produce the following response body data:

result #1: [{"1":"1"}]
result #2: [{"2":"2"}]
result #3: [{"3":"3"}]

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Debugging

It is usually convenient to use the lua-cjson library to encode the return values of the MySQL query methods to JSON. For example,

    local cjson = require "cjson"
    ...
    local res, err, errcode, sqlstate = db:query("select * from cats")
    if res then
        print("res: ", cjson.encode(res))
    end

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Automatic Error Logging

By default the underlying ngx_lua module does error logging when socket errors happen. If you are already doing proper error handling in your own Lua code, then you are recommended to disable this automatic error logging by turning off ngx_lua's lua_socket_log_errors directive, that is,

    lua_socket_log_errors off;

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Limitations

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Installation

If you are using the ngx_openresty bundle (http://openresty.org ), then you do not need to do anything because it already includes and enables lua-resty-mysql by default. And you can just use it in your Lua code, as in

    local mysql = require "resty.mysql"
    ...

If you are using your own nginx + ngx_lua build, then you need to configure the lua_package_path directive to add the path of your lua-resty-mysql source tree to ngx_lua's LUA_PATH search path, as in

    # nginx.conf
    http {
        lua_package_path "/path/to/lua-resty-mysql/lib/?.lua;;";
        ...
    }

Ensure that the system account running your Nginx ''worker'' proceses have enough permission to read the .lua file.

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Community

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English Mailing List

The openresty-en mailing list is for English speakers.

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Chinese Mailing List

The openresty mailing list is for Chinese speakers.

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Bugs and Patches

Please submit bug reports, wishlists, or patches by

  1. creating a ticket on the GitHub Issue Tracker,
  2. or posting to the OpenResty community.

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TODO

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Author

Yichun "agentzh" Zhang (章亦春) agentzh@gmail.com, CloudFlare Inc.

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Copyright and License

This module is licensed under the BSD license.

Copyright (C) 2012-2013, by Yichun "agentzh" Zhang (章亦春) agentzh@gmail.com, CloudFlare Inc.

All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

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See Also

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