24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk

Tk/Tcl has long been an integral part of Python. It provides a robust and platform independent windowing toolkit, that is available to Python programmers using the Tkinter module, and its extensions, the Tix and the ttk modules.

The Tkinter module is a thin object-oriented layer on top of Tcl/Tk. To use Tkinter, you don’t need to write Tcl code, but you will need to consult the Tk documentation, and occasionally the Tcl documentation. Tkinter is a set of wrappers that implement the Tk widgets as Python classes. In addition, the internal module _tkinter provides a threadsafe mechanism which allows Python and Tcl to interact.

Tkinter‘s chief virtues are that it is fast, and that it usually comes bundled with Python. Although its standard documentation is weak, good material is available, which includes: references, tutorials, a book and others. Tkinter is also famous for having an outdated look and feel, which has been vastly improved in Tk 8.5. Nevertheless, there are many other GUI libraries that you could be interested in. For more information about alternatives, see the Other Graphical User Interface Packages section.

• 24.1. Tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
  • 24.1.1. Tkinter Modules
  • 24.1.2. Tkinter Life Preserver
    • 24.1.2.1. How To Use This Section
    • 24.1.2.2. A Simple Hello World Program
  • 24.1.3. A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
  • 24.1.4. Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
  • 24.1.5. How Tk and Tkinter are Related
  • 24.1.6. Handy Reference
    • 24.1.6.1. Setting Options
    • 24.1.6.2. The Packer
    • 24.1.6.3. Packer Options
    • 24.1.6.4. Coupling Widget Variables
    • 24.1.6.5. The Window Manager
    • 24.1.6.6. Tk Option Data Types
    • 24.1.6.7. Bindings and Events
    • 24.1.6.8. The index Parameter
    • 24.1.6.9. Images
  • 24.1.7. File Handlers
• 24.2. ttk — Tk themed widgets
  • 24.2.1. Using Ttk
  • 24.2.2. Ttk Widgets
  • 24.2.3. Widget
    • 24.2.3.1. Standard Options
    • 24.2.3.2. Scrollable Widget Options
    • 24.2.3.3. Label Options
    • 24.2.3.4. Compatibility Options
    • 24.2.3.5. Widget States
    • 24.2.3.6. ttk.Widget
  • 24.2.4. Combobox
    • 24.2.4.1. Options
    • 24.2.4.2. Virtual events
    • 24.2.4.3. ttk.Combobox
  • 24.2.5. Notebook
    • 24.2.5.1. Options
    • 24.2.5.2. Tab Options
    • 24.2.5.3. Tab Identifiers
    • 24.2.5.4. Virtual Events
    • 24.2.5.5. ttk.Notebook
  • 24.2.6. Progressbar
    • 24.2.6.1. Options
    • 24.2.6.2. ttk.Progressbar
  • 24.2.7. Separator
    • 24.2.7.1. Options
  • 24.2.8. Sizegrip
    • 24.2.8.1. Platform-specific notes
    • 24.2.8.2. Bugs
  • 24.2.9. Treeview
    • 24.2.9.1. Options
    • 24.2.9.2. Item Options
    • 24.2.9.3. Tag Options
    • 24.2.9.4. Column Identifiers
    • 24.2.9.5. Virtual Events
    • 24.2.9.6. ttk.Treeview
  • 24.2.10. Ttk Styling
    • 24.2.10.1. Layouts
• 24.3. Tix — Extension widgets for Tk
  • 24.3.1. Using Tix
  • 24.3.2. Tix Widgets
    • 24.3.2.1. Basic Widgets
    • 24.3.2.2. File Selectors
    • 24.3.2.3. Hierarchical ListBox
    • 24.3.2.4. Tabular ListBox
    • 24.3.2.5. Manager Widgets
    • 24.3.2.6. Image Types
    • 24.3.2.7. Miscellaneous Widgets
    • 24.3.2.8. Form Geometry Manager
  • 24.3.3. Tix Commands
• 24.4. ScrolledText — Scrolled Text Widget
• 24.5. turtle — Turtle graphics for Tk
  • 24.5.1. Introduction
  • 24.5.2. Overview over available Turtle and Screen methods
    • 24.5.2.1. Turtle methods
    • 24.5.2.2. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen
  • 24.5.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions
    • 24.5.3.1. Turtle motion
    • 24.5.3.2. Tell Turtle’s state
    • 24.5.3.3. Settings for measurement
    • 24.5.3.4. Pen control
      • 24.5.3.4.1. Drawing state
      • 24.5.3.4.2. Color control
      • 24.5.3.4.3. Filling
      • 24.5.3.4.4. More drawing control
    • 24.5.3.5. Turtle state
      • 24.5.3.5.1. Visibility
      • 24.5.3.5.2. Appearance
    • 24.5.3.6. Using events
    • 24.5.3.7. Special Turtle methods
    • 24.5.3.8. Excursus about the use of compound shapes
  • 24.5.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions
    • 24.5.4.1. Window control
    • 24.5.4.2. Animation control
    • 24.5.4.3. Using screen events
    • 24.5.4.4. Settings and special methods
    • 24.5.4.5. Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen
  • 24.5.5. The public classes of the module turtle
  • 24.5.6. Help and configuration
    • 24.5.6.1. How to use help
    • 24.5.6.2. Translation of docstrings into different languages
    • 24.5.6.3. How to configure Screen and Turtles
  • 24.5.7. Demo scripts
• 24.6. IDLE
  • 24.6.1. Menus
    • 24.6.1.1. File menu (Shell and Editor)
    • 24.6.1.2. Edit menu (Shell and Editor)
    • 24.6.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)
    • 24.6.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)
    • 24.6.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)
    • 24.6.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)
    • 24.6.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)
    • 24.6.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)
    • 24.6.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)
    • 24.6.1.10. Context Menus
  • 24.6.2. Editing and navigation
    • 24.6.2.1. Automatic indentation
    • 24.6.2.2. Completions
    • 24.6.2.3. Calltips
    • 24.6.2.4. Python Shell window
    • 24.6.2.5. Text colors
  • 24.6.3. Startup and code execution
    • 24.6.3.1. Command line usage
    • 24.6.3.2. IDLE-console differences
    • 24.6.3.3. Running without a subprocess
  • 24.6.4. Help and preferences
    • 24.6.4.1. Additional help sources
    • 24.6.4.2. Setting preferences
    • 24.6.4.3. Extensions
• 24.7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages