Comparisons between Multivariate Linear Models

Description

Compute a (generalized) analysis of variance table for one or more multivariate linear models.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'mlm'
anova(object, ...,
      test = c("Pillai", "Wilks", "Hotelling-Lawley", "Roy",
               "Spherical"),
      Sigma = diag(nrow = p), T = Thin.row(proj(M) - proj(X)),
      M = diag(nrow = p), X = ~0,
      idata = data.frame(index = seq_len(p)), tol = 1e-7)

Arguments

Details

The anova.mlm method uses either a multivariate test statistic for the summary table, or a test based on sphericity assumptions (i.e. that the covariance is proportional to a given matrix).

For the multivariate test, Wilks' statistic is most popular in the literature, but the default Pillai–Bartlett statistic is recommended by Hand and Taylor (1987). See summary.manova for further details.

For the "Spherical" test, proportionality is usually with the identity matrix but a different matrix can be specified using Sigma. Corrections for asphericity known as the Greenhouse–Geisser, respectively Huynh–Feldt, epsilons are given and adjusted F tests are performed.

It is common to transform the observations prior to testing. This typically involves transformation to intra-block differences, but more complicated within-block designs can be encountered, making more elaborate transformations necessary. A transformation matrix T can be given directly or specified as the difference between two projections onto the spaces spanned by M and X, which in turn can be given as matrices or as model formulas with respect to idata (the tests will be invariant to parametrization of the quotient space M/X).

As with anova.lm, all test statistics use the SSD matrix from the largest model considered as the (generalized) denominator.

Contrary to other anova methods, the intercept is not excluded from the display in the single-model case. When contrast transformations are involved, it often makes good sense to test for a zero intercept.

Value

An object of class "anova" inheriting from class "data.frame"

Note

The Huynh–Feldt epsilon differs from that calculated by SAS (as of v. 8.2) except when the DF is equal to the number of observations minus one. This is believed to be a bug in SAS, not in R.

References

Hand, D. J. and Taylor, C. C. (1987) Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Repeated Measures. Chapman and Hall.

See Also

summary.manova

Examples

require(graphics)
utils::example(SSD) # Brings in the mlmfit and reacttime objects

mlmfit0 <- update(mlmfit, ~0)

### Traditional tests of intrasubj. contrasts
## Using MANOVA techniques on contrasts:
anova(mlmfit, mlmfit0, X = ~1)

## Assuming sphericity
anova(mlmfit, mlmfit0, X = ~1, test = "Spherical")


### tests using intra-subject 3x2 design
idata <- data.frame(deg = gl(3, 1, 6, labels = c(0, 4, 8)),
                    noise = gl(2, 3, 6, labels = c("A", "P")))

anova(mlmfit, mlmfit0, X = ~ deg + noise,
      idata = idata, test = "Spherical")
anova(mlmfit, mlmfit0, M = ~ deg + noise, X = ~ noise,
      idata = idata, test = "Spherical" )
anova(mlmfit, mlmfit0, M = ~ deg + noise, X = ~ deg,
      idata = idata, test = "Spherical" )

f <- factor(rep(1:2, 5)) # bogus, just for illustration
mlmfit2 <- update(mlmfit, ~f)
anova(mlmfit2, mlmfit, mlmfit0, X = ~1, test = "Spherical")
anova(mlmfit2, X = ~1, test = "Spherical")
# one-model form, eqiv. to previous

### There seems to be a strong interaction in these data
plot(colMeans(reacttime))