`sklearn.gaussian_process.kernels`.RBF¶

class sklearn.gaussian_process.kernels.RBF(length_scale=1.0, length_scale_bounds=(1e-05, 100000.0))[source]¶

Radial-basis function kernel (aka squared-exponential kernel).

The RBF kernel is a stationary kernel. It is also known as the “squared exponential” kernel. It is parameterized by a length-scale parameter length_scale>0, which can either be a scalar (isotropic variant of the kernel) or a vector with the same number of dimensions as the inputs X (anisotropic variant of the kernel). The kernel is given by:

k(x_i, x_j) = exp(-1 / 2 d(x_i / length_scale, x_j / length_scale)^2)

This kernel is infinitely differentiable, which implies that GPs with this kernel as covariance function have mean square derivatives of all orders, and are thus very smooth.

New in version 0.18.

Parameters:	length_scale : float or array with shape (n_features,), default: 1.0 The length scale of the kernel. If a float, an isotropic kernel is used. If an array, an anisotropic kernel is used where each dimension of l defines the length-scale of the respective feature dimension. length_scale_bounds : pair of floats >= 0, default: (1e-5, 1e5) The lower and upper bound on length_scale
Attributes:	anisotropic `bounds` Returns the log-transformed bounds on the theta. hyperparameter_length_scale `hyperparameters` Returns a list of all hyperparameter specifications. `n_dims` Returns the number of non-fixed hyperparameters of the kernel. `theta` Returns the (flattened, log-transformed) non-fixed hyperparameters.

Methods

`__call__`(X[, Y, eval_gradient])	Return the kernel k(X, Y) and optionally its gradient.
`clone_with_theta`(theta)	Returns a clone of self with given hyperparameters theta.
`diag`(X)	Returns the diagonal of the kernel k(X, X).
`get_params`([deep])	Get parameters of this kernel.
`is_stationary`()	Returns whether the kernel is stationary.
`set_params`(**params)	Set the parameters of this kernel.

__init__(length_scale=1.0, length_scale_bounds=(1e-05, 100000.0))[source]¶: Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__call__(X, Y=None, eval_gradient=False)[source]¶

Return the kernel k(X, Y) and optionally its gradient.

Parameters:

X : array, shape (n_samples_X, n_features): Left argument of the returned kernel k(X, Y)
Y : array, shape (n_samples_Y, n_features), (optional, default=None): Right argument of the returned kernel k(X, Y). If None, k(X, X) if evaluated instead.
eval_gradient : bool (optional, default=False): Determines whether the gradient with respect to the kernel hyperparameter is determined. Only supported when Y is None.

Returns:

K : array, shape (n_samples_X, n_samples_Y): Kernel k(X, Y)
K_gradient : array (opt.), shape (n_samples_X, n_samples_X, n_dims): The gradient of the kernel k(X, X) with respect to the hyperparameter of the kernel. Only returned when eval_gradient is True.

bounds¶

Returns the log-transformed bounds on the theta.

Returns:	bounds : array, shape (n_dims, 2) The log-transformed bounds on the kernel’s hyperparameters theta

clone_with_theta(theta)[source]¶

Returns a clone of self with given hyperparameters theta.

Parameters:	theta : array, shape (n_dims,) The hyperparameters

diag(X)[source]¶

Returns the diagonal of the kernel k(X, X).

The result of this method is identical to np.diag(self(X)); however, it can be evaluated more efficiently since only the diagonal is evaluated.

Parameters:	X : array, shape (n_samples_X, n_features) Left argument of the returned kernel k(X, Y)
Returns:	K_diag : array, shape (n_samples_X,) Diagonal of kernel k(X, X)

get_params(deep=True)[source]¶

Get parameters of this kernel.

Parameters:	deep : boolean, optional If True, will return the parameters for this estimator and contained subobjects that are estimators.
Returns:	params : mapping of string to any Parameter names mapped to their values.

hyperparameters¶: Returns a list of all hyperparameter specifications.

is_stationary()[source]¶: Returns whether the kernel is stationary.

n_dims¶: Returns the number of non-fixed hyperparameters of the kernel.

set_params(**params)[source]¶

Set the parameters of this kernel.

The method works on simple kernels as well as on nested kernels. The latter have parameters of the form <component>__<parameter> so that it’s possible to update each component of a nested object.

Returns:	self

theta¶

Returns the (flattened, log-transformed) non-fixed hyperparameters.

Note that theta are typically the log-transformed values of the kernel’s hyperparameters as this representation of the search space is more amenable for hyperparameter search, as hyperparameters like length-scales naturally live on a log-scale.