sklearn.manifold.locally_linear_embedding

sklearn.manifold.locally_linear_embedding(X, n_neighbors, n_components, reg=0.001, eigen_solver='auto', tol=1e-06, max_iter=100, method='standard', hessian_tol=0.0001, modified_tol=1e-12, random_state=None, n_jobs=None)

Perform a Locally Linear Embedding analysis on the data.

Read more in the User Guide.

Parameters:

X : {array-like, NearestNeighbors}

Sample data, shape = (n_samples, n_features), in the form of a numpy array or a NearestNeighbors object.

n_neighbors : integer

number of neighbors to consider for each point.

n_components : integer

number of coordinates for the manifold.

reg : float

regularization constant, multiplies the trace of the local covariance matrix of the distances.

eigen_solver : string, {‘auto’, ‘arpack’, ‘dense’}

auto : algorithm will attempt to choose the best method for input data

arpack : use arnoldi iteration in shift-invert mode.

For this method, M may be a dense matrix, sparse matrix, or general linear operator. Warning: ARPACK can be unstable for some problems. It is best to try several random seeds in order to check results.

dense : use standard dense matrix operations for the eigenvalue

decomposition. For this method, M must be an array or matrix type. This method should be avoided for large problems.

tol : float, optional

Tolerance for ‘arpack’ method Not used if eigen_solver==’dense’.

max_iter : integer

maximum number of iterations for the arpack solver.

method : {‘standard’, ‘hessian’, ‘modified’, ‘ltsa’}

standard : use the standard locally linear embedding algorithm.

see reference [1]

hessian : use the Hessian eigenmap method. This method requires

n_neighbors > n_components * (1 + (n_components + 1) / 2. see reference [2]

modified : use the modified locally linear embedding algorithm.

see reference [3]

ltsa : use local tangent space alignment algorithm

see reference [4]

hessian_tol : float, optional

Tolerance for Hessian eigenmapping method. Only used if method == ‘hessian’

modified_tol : float, optional

Tolerance for modified LLE method. Only used if method == ‘modified’

random_state : int, RandomState instance or None, optional (default=None)

If int, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator; If RandomState instance, random_state is the random number generator; If None, the random number generator is the RandomState instance used by np.random. Used when solver == ‘arpack’.

n_jobs : int or None, optional (default=None)

The number of parallel jobs to run for neighbors search. None means 1 unless in a joblib.parallel_backend context. -1 means using all processors. See Glossary for more details.

Returns:

Y : array-like, shape [n_samples, n_components]

Embedding vectors.

squared_error : float

Reconstruction error for the embedding vectors. Equivalent to norm(Y - W Y, 'fro')**2, where W are the reconstruction weights.

References

[1]	(1, 2) Roweis, S. & Saul, L. Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding. Science 290:2323 (2000).

[2]	(1, 2) Donoho, D. & Grimes, C. Hessian eigenmaps: Locally linear embedding techniques for high-dimensional data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100:5591 (2003).

[3]	(1, 2) Zhang, Z. & Wang, J. MLLE: Modified Locally Linear Embedding Using Multiple Weights. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.70.382

[4]	(1, 2) Zhang, Z. & Zha, H. Principal manifolds and nonlinear dimensionality reduction via tangent space alignment. Journal of Shanghai Univ. 8:406 (2004)

Examples using sklearn.manifold.locally_linear_embedding

Swiss Roll reduction with LLE