Source code for sympy.functions.special.singularity_functions

from __future__ import print_function, division

from sympy.core import S, sympify, oo, diff
from sympy.core.function import Function, ArgumentIndexError
from sympy.core.logic import fuzzy_not
from sympy.core.relational import Eq
from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import im
from sympy.functions.elementary.piecewise import Piecewise
from sympy.functions.special.delta_functions import Heaviside

###############################################################################
############################# SINGULARITY FUNCTION ############################
###############################################################################


[docs]class SingularityFunction(Function): r""" The Singularity functions are a class of discontinuous functions. They take a variable, an offset and an exponent as arguments. These functions are represented using Macaulay brackets as : SingularityFunction(x, a, n) := <x - a>^n The singularity function will automatically evaluate to ``Derivative(DiracDelta(x - a), x, -n - 1)`` if ``n < 0`` and ``(x - a)**n*Heaviside(x - a)`` if ``n >= 0``. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import SingularityFunction, diff, Piecewise, DiracDelta, Heaviside, Symbol >>> from sympy.abc import x, a, n >>> SingularityFunction(x, a, n) SingularityFunction(x, a, n) >>> y = Symbol('y', positive=True) >>> n = Symbol('n', nonnegative=True) >>> SingularityFunction(y, -10, n) (y + 10)**n >>> y = Symbol('y', negative=True) >>> SingularityFunction(y, 10, n) 0 >>> SingularityFunction(x, 4, -1).subs(x, 4) oo >>> SingularityFunction(x, 10, -2).subs(x, 10) oo >>> SingularityFunction(4, 1, 5) 243 >>> diff(SingularityFunction(x, 1, 5) + SingularityFunction(x, 1, 4), x) 4*SingularityFunction(x, 1, 3) + 5*SingularityFunction(x, 1, 4) >>> diff(SingularityFunction(x, 4, 0), x, 2) SingularityFunction(x, 4, -2) >>> SingularityFunction(x, 4, 5).rewrite(Piecewise) Piecewise(((x - 4)**5, x - 4 > 0), (0, True)) >>> expr = SingularityFunction(x, a, n) >>> y = Symbol('y', positive=True) >>> n = Symbol('n', nonnegative=True) >>> expr.subs({x: y, a: -10, n: n}) (y + 10)**n The methods ``rewrite(DiracDelta)``, ``rewrite(Heaviside)`` and ``rewrite('HeavisideDiracDelta')`` returns the same output. One can use any of these methods according to their choice. >>> expr = SingularityFunction(x, 4, 5) + SingularityFunction(x, -3, -1) - SingularityFunction(x, 0, -2) >>> expr.rewrite(Heaviside) (x - 4)**5*Heaviside(x - 4) + DiracDelta(x + 3) - DiracDelta(x, 1) >>> expr.rewrite(DiracDelta) (x - 4)**5*Heaviside(x - 4) + DiracDelta(x + 3) - DiracDelta(x, 1) >>> expr.rewrite('HeavisideDiracDelta') (x - 4)**5*Heaviside(x - 4) + DiracDelta(x + 3) - DiracDelta(x, 1) See Also ======== DiracDelta, Heaviside Reference ========= .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_function """ is_real = True
[docs] def fdiff(self, argindex=1): ''' Returns the first derivative of a DiracDelta Function. The difference between ``diff()`` and ``fdiff()`` is:- ``diff()`` is the user-level function and ``fdiff()`` is an object method. ``fdiff()`` is just a convenience method available in the ``Function`` class. It returns the derivative of the function without considering the chain rule. ``diff(function, x)`` calls ``Function._eval_derivative`` which in turn calls ``fdiff()`` internally to compute the derivative of the function. ''' if argindex == 1: x = sympify(self.args[0]) a = sympify(self.args[1]) n = sympify(self.args[2]) if n == 0 or n == -1: return self.func(x, a, n-1) elif n.is_positive: return n*self.func(x, a, n-1) else: raise ArgumentIndexError(self, argindex)
[docs] @classmethod def eval(cls, variable, offset, exponent): """ Returns a simplified form or a value of Singularity Function depending on the argument passed by the object. The ``eval()`` method is automatically called when the ``SingularityFunction`` class is about to be instantiated and it returns either some simplified instance or the unevaluated instance depending on the argument passed. In other words, ``eval()`` method is not needed to be called explicitly, it is being called and evaluated once the object is called. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import SingularityFunction, Symbol, nan >>> from sympy.abc import x, a, n >>> SingularityFunction(x, a, n) SingularityFunction(x, a, n) >>> SingularityFunction(5, 3, 2) 4 >>> SingularityFunction(x, a, nan) nan >>> SingularityFunction(x, 3, 0).subs(x, 3) 1 >>> SingularityFunction(x, a, n).eval(3, 5, 1) 0 >>> SingularityFunction(x, a, n).eval(4, 1, 5) 243 >>> x = Symbol('x', positive = True) >>> a = Symbol('a', negative = True) >>> n = Symbol('n', nonnegative = True) >>> SingularityFunction(x, a, n) (-a + x)**n >>> x = Symbol('x', negative = True) >>> a = Symbol('a', positive = True) >>> SingularityFunction(x, a, n) 0 """ x = sympify(variable) a = sympify(offset) n = sympify(exponent) shift = (x - a) if fuzzy_not(im(shift).is_zero): raise ValueError("Singularity Functions are defined only for Real Numbers.") if fuzzy_not(im(n).is_zero): raise ValueError("Singularity Functions are not defined for imaginary exponents.") if shift is S.NaN or n is S.NaN: return S.NaN if (n + 2).is_negative: raise ValueError("Singularity Functions are not defined for exponents less than -2.") if shift.is_negative: return S.Zero if n.is_nonnegative and shift.is_nonnegative: return (x - a)**n if n == -1 or n == -2: if shift.is_negative or shift.is_positive: return S.Zero if shift.is_zero: return S.Infinity
def _eval_rewrite_as_Piecewise(self, *args, **kwargs): ''' Converts a Singularity Function expression into its Piecewise form. ''' x = self.args[0] a = self.args[1] n = sympify(self.args[2]) if n == -1 or n == -2: return Piecewise((oo, Eq((x - a), 0)), (0, True)) elif n.is_nonnegative: return Piecewise(((x - a)**n, (x - a) > 0), (0, True)) def _eval_rewrite_as_Heaviside(self, *args, **kwargs): ''' Rewrites a Singularity Function expression using Heavisides and DiracDeltas. ''' x = self.args[0] a = self.args[1] n = sympify(self.args[2]) if n == -2: return diff(Heaviside(x - a), x.free_symbols.pop(), 2) if n == -1: return diff(Heaviside(x - a), x.free_symbols.pop(), 1) if n.is_nonnegative: return (x - a)**n*Heaviside(x - a) _eval_rewrite_as_DiracDelta = _eval_rewrite_as_Heaviside _eval_rewrite_as_HeavisideDiracDelta = _eval_rewrite_as_Heaviside