Ask¶
Module for querying SymPy objects about assumptions.
-
class
sympy.assumptions.ask.
AssumptionKeys
[source]¶ This class contains all the supported keys by
ask
.-
algebraic
¶ Algebraic number predicate.
Q.algebraic(x)
is true iffx
belongs to the set of algebraic numbers.x
is algebraic if there is some polynomial inp(x)\in \mathbb\{Q\}[x]
such thatp(x) = 0
.Examples
>>> from sympy import ask, Q, sqrt, I, pi >>> ask(Q.algebraic(sqrt(2))) True >>> ask(Q.algebraic(I)) True >>> ask(Q.algebraic(pi)) False
References
-
antihermitian
¶ Antihermitian predicate.
Q.antihermitian(x)
is true iffx
belongs to the field of antihermitian operators, i.e., operators in the formx*I
, wherex
is Hermitian.References
-
bounded
¶ See documentation of
Q.finite
.
-
commutative
¶ Commutative predicate.
ask(Q.commutative(x))
is true iffx
commutes with any other object with respect to multiplication operation.
-
complex
¶ Complex number predicate.
Q.complex(x)
is true iffx
belongs to the set of complex numbers. Note that every complex number is finite.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, Symbol, ask, I, oo >>> x = Symbol('x') >>> ask(Q.complex(0)) True >>> ask(Q.complex(2 + 3*I)) True >>> ask(Q.complex(oo)) False
References
-
complex_elements
¶ Complex elements matrix predicate.
Q.complex_elements(x)
is true iff all the elements ofx
are complex numbers.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 4, 4) >>> ask(Q.complex(X[1, 2]), Q.complex_elements(X)) True >>> ask(Q.complex_elements(X), Q.integer_elements(X)) True
-
composite
¶ Composite number predicate.
ask(Q.composite(x))
is true iffx
is a positive integer and has at least one positive divisor other than1
and the number itself.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask >>> ask(Q.composite(0)) False >>> ask(Q.composite(1)) False >>> ask(Q.composite(2)) False >>> ask(Q.composite(20)) True
-
diagonal
¶ Diagonal matrix predicate.
Q.diagonal(x)
is true iffx
is a diagonal matrix. A diagonal matrix is a matrix in which the entries outside the main diagonal are all zero.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol, ZeroMatrix >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 2, 2) >>> ask(Q.diagonal(ZeroMatrix(3, 3))) True >>> ask(Q.diagonal(X), Q.lower_triangular(X) & ... Q.upper_triangular(X)) True
References
-
even
¶ Even number predicate.
ask(Q.even(x))
is true iffx
belongs to the set of even integers.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, pi >>> ask(Q.even(0)) True >>> ask(Q.even(2)) True >>> ask(Q.even(3)) False >>> ask(Q.even(pi)) False
-
extended_real
¶ Extended real predicate.
Q.extended_real(x)
is true iffx
is a real number or \(\{-\infty, \infty\}\).See documentation of
Q.real
for more information about related facts.Examples
>>> from sympy import ask, Q, oo, I >>> ask(Q.extended_real(1)) True >>> ask(Q.extended_real(I)) False >>> ask(Q.extended_real(oo)) True
-
finite
¶ Finite predicate.
Q.finite(x)
is true ifx
is neither an infinity nor aNaN
. In other words,ask(Q.finite(x))
is true for allx
having a bounded absolute value.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, Symbol, S, oo, I >>> x = Symbol('x') >>> ask(Q.finite(S.NaN)) False >>> ask(Q.finite(oo)) False >>> ask(Q.finite(1)) True >>> ask(Q.finite(2 + 3*I)) True
References
-
fullrank
¶ Fullrank matrix predicate.
Q.fullrank(x)
is true iffx
is a full rank matrix. A matrix is full rank if all rows and columns of the matrix are linearly independent. A square matrix is full rank iff its determinant is nonzero.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol, ZeroMatrix, Identity >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 2, 2) >>> ask(Q.fullrank(X.T), Q.fullrank(X)) True >>> ask(Q.fullrank(ZeroMatrix(3, 3))) False >>> ask(Q.fullrank(Identity(3))) True
-
hermitian
¶ Hermitian predicate.
ask(Q.hermitian(x))
is true iffx
belongs to the set of Hermitian operators.References
-
imaginary
¶ Imaginary number predicate.
Q.imaginary(x)
is true iffx
can be written as a real number multiplied by the imaginary unitI
. Please note that0
is not considered to be an imaginary number.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, I >>> ask(Q.imaginary(3*I)) True >>> ask(Q.imaginary(2 + 3*I)) False >>> ask(Q.imaginary(0)) False
References
-
infinite
¶ Infinite number predicate.
Q.infinite(x)
is true iff the absolute value ofx
is infinity.
-
infinitesimal
¶ See documentation of
Q.zero
.
-
infinity
¶ See documentation of
Q.infinite
.
-
integer
¶ Integer predicate.
Q.integer(x)
is true iffx
belongs to the set of integer numbers.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, S >>> ask(Q.integer(5)) True >>> ask(Q.integer(S(1)/2)) False
References
-
integer_elements
¶ Integer elements matrix predicate.
Q.integer_elements(x)
is true iff all the elements ofx
are integers.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 4, 4) >>> ask(Q.integer(X[1, 2]), Q.integer_elements(X)) True
-
invertible
¶ Invertible matrix predicate.
Q.invertible(x)
is true iffx
is an invertible matrix. A square matrix is called invertible only if its determinant is 0.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 2, 2) >>> Y = MatrixSymbol('Y', 2, 3) >>> Z = MatrixSymbol('Z', 2, 2) >>> ask(Q.invertible(X*Y), Q.invertible(X)) False >>> ask(Q.invertible(X*Z), Q.invertible(X) & Q.invertible(Z)) True >>> ask(Q.invertible(X), Q.fullrank(X) & Q.square(X)) True
References
-
irrational
¶ Irrational number predicate.
Q.irrational(x)
is true iffx
is any real number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers.Examples
>>> from sympy import ask, Q, pi, S, I >>> ask(Q.irrational(0)) False >>> ask(Q.irrational(S(1)/2)) False >>> ask(Q.irrational(pi)) True >>> ask(Q.irrational(I)) False
References
-
is_true
¶ Generic predicate.
ask(Q.is_true(x))
is true iffx
is true. This only makes sense ifx
is a predicate.Examples
>>> from sympy import ask, Q, symbols >>> x = symbols('x') >>> ask(Q.is_true(True)) True
-
lower_triangular
¶ Lower triangular matrix predicate.
A matrix
M
is called lower triangular matrix if \(a_{ij}=0\) for \(i>j\).Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, ZeroMatrix, Identity >>> ask(Q.lower_triangular(Identity(3))) True >>> ask(Q.lower_triangular(ZeroMatrix(3, 3))) True
References
-
negative
¶ Negative number predicate.
Q.negative(x)
is true iffx
is a real number and \(x < 0\), that is, it is in the interval \((-\infty, 0)\). Note in particular that negative infinity is not negative.A few important facts about negative numbers:
Note that
Q.nonnegative
and~Q.negative
are not the same thing.~Q.negative(x)
simply means thatx
is not negative, whereasQ.nonnegative(x)
means thatx
is real and not negative, i.e.,Q.nonnegative(x)
is logically equivalent toQ.zero(x) | Q.positive(x)
. So for example,~Q.negative(I)
is true, whereasQ.nonnegative(I)
is false.See the documentation of
Q.real
for more information about related facts.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, symbols, I >>> x = symbols('x') >>> ask(Q.negative(x), Q.real(x) & ~Q.positive(x) & ~Q.zero(x)) True >>> ask(Q.negative(-1)) True >>> ask(Q.nonnegative(I)) False >>> ask(~Q.negative(I)) True
-
nonnegative
¶ Nonnegative real number predicate.
ask(Q.nonnegative(x))
is true iffx
belongs to the set of positive numbers including zero.Note that
Q.nonnegative
and~Q.negative
are not the same thing.~Q.negative(x)
simply means thatx
is not negative, whereasQ.nonnegative(x)
means thatx
is real and not negative, i.e.,Q.nonnegative(x)
is logically equivalent toQ.zero(x) | Q.positive(x)
. So for example,~Q.negative(I)
is true, whereasQ.nonnegative(I)
is false.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, I >>> ask(Q.nonnegative(1)) True >>> ask(Q.nonnegative(0)) True >>> ask(Q.nonnegative(-1)) False >>> ask(Q.nonnegative(I)) False >>> ask(Q.nonnegative(-I)) False
-
nonpositive
¶ Nonpositive real number predicate.
ask(Q.nonpositive(x))
is true iffx
belongs to the set of negative numbers including zero.Note that
Q.nonpositive
and~Q.positive
are not the same thing.~Q.positive(x)
simply means thatx
is not positive, whereasQ.nonpositive(x)
means thatx
is real and not positive, i.e.,Q.nonpositive(x)
is logically equivalent to \(Q.negative(x) | Q.zero(x)\). So for example,~Q.positive(I)
is true, whereasQ.nonpositive(I)
is false.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, I >>> ask(Q.nonpositive(-1)) True >>> ask(Q.nonpositive(0)) True >>> ask(Q.nonpositive(1)) False >>> ask(Q.nonpositive(I)) False >>> ask(Q.nonpositive(-I)) False
-
nonzero
¶ Nonzero real number predicate.
ask(Q.nonzero(x))
is true iffx
is real andx
is not zero. Note in particular thatQ.nonzero(x)
is false ifx
is not real. Use~Q.zero(x)
if you want the negation of being zero without any real assumptions.A few important facts about nonzero numbers:
Q.nonzero
is logically equivalent toQ.positive | Q.negative
.See the documentation of
Q.real
for more information about related facts.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, symbols, I, oo >>> x = symbols('x') >>> print(ask(Q.nonzero(x), ~Q.zero(x))) None >>> ask(Q.nonzero(x), Q.positive(x)) True >>> ask(Q.nonzero(x), Q.zero(x)) False >>> ask(Q.nonzero(0)) False >>> ask(Q.nonzero(I)) False >>> ask(~Q.zero(I)) True >>> ask(Q.nonzero(oo)) #doctest: +SKIP False
-
normal
¶ Normal matrix predicate.
A matrix is normal if it commutes with its conjugate transpose.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 4, 4) >>> ask(Q.normal(X), Q.unitary(X)) True
References
-
odd
¶ Odd number predicate.
ask(Q.odd(x))
is true iffx
belongs to the set of odd numbers.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, pi >>> ask(Q.odd(0)) False >>> ask(Q.odd(2)) False >>> ask(Q.odd(3)) True >>> ask(Q.odd(pi)) False
-
orthogonal
¶ Orthogonal matrix predicate.
Q.orthogonal(x)
is true iffx
is an orthogonal matrix. A square matrixM
is an orthogonal matrix if it satisfiesM^TM = MM^T = I
whereM^T
is the transpose matrix ofM
andI
is an identity matrix. Note that an orthogonal matrix is necessarily invertible.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol, Identity >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 2, 2) >>> Y = MatrixSymbol('Y', 2, 3) >>> Z = MatrixSymbol('Z', 2, 2) >>> ask(Q.orthogonal(Y)) False >>> ask(Q.orthogonal(X*Z*X), Q.orthogonal(X) & Q.orthogonal(Z)) True >>> ask(Q.orthogonal(Identity(3))) True >>> ask(Q.invertible(X), Q.orthogonal(X)) True
References
-
positive
¶ Positive real number predicate.
Q.positive(x)
is true iffx
is real and \(x > 0\), that is ifx
is in the interval \((0, \infty)\). In particular, infinity is not positive.A few important facts about positive numbers:
Note that
Q.nonpositive
and~Q.positive
are not the same thing.~Q.positive(x)
simply means thatx
is not positive, whereasQ.nonpositive(x)
means thatx
is real and not positive, i.e.,Q.nonpositive(x)
is logically equivalent to \(Q.negative(x) | Q.zero(x)\). So for example,~Q.positive(I)
is true, whereasQ.nonpositive(I)
is false.See the documentation of
Q.real
for more information about related facts.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, symbols, I >>> x = symbols('x') >>> ask(Q.positive(x), Q.real(x) & ~Q.negative(x) & ~Q.zero(x)) True >>> ask(Q.positive(1)) True >>> ask(Q.nonpositive(I)) False >>> ask(~Q.positive(I)) True
-
positive_definite
¶ Positive definite matrix predicate.
If
M
is a :math:n \times n
symmetric real matrix, it is said to be positive definite if \(Z^TMZ\) is positive for every non-zero column vectorZ
ofn
real numbers.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol, Identity >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 2, 2) >>> Y = MatrixSymbol('Y', 2, 3) >>> Z = MatrixSymbol('Z', 2, 2) >>> ask(Q.positive_definite(Y)) False >>> ask(Q.positive_definite(Identity(3))) True >>> ask(Q.positive_definite(X + Z), Q.positive_definite(X) & ... Q.positive_definite(Z)) True
References
-
prime
¶ Prime number predicate.
ask(Q.prime(x))
is true iffx
is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than1
and the number itself.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask >>> ask(Q.prime(0)) False >>> ask(Q.prime(1)) False >>> ask(Q.prime(2)) True >>> ask(Q.prime(20)) False >>> ask(Q.prime(-3)) False
-
rational
¶ Rational number predicate.
Q.rational(x)
is true iffx
belongs to the set of rational numbers.Examples
>>> from sympy import ask, Q, pi, S >>> ask(Q.rational(0)) True >>> ask(Q.rational(S(1)/2)) True >>> ask(Q.rational(pi)) False
References
-
real
¶ Real number predicate.
Q.real(x)
is true iffx
is a real number, i.e., it is in the interval \((-\infty, \infty)\). Note that, in particular the infinities are not real. UseQ.extended_real
if you want to consider those as well.A few important facts about reals:
Every real number is positive, negative, or zero. Furthermore, because these sets are pairwise disjoint, each real number is exactly one of those three.
Every real number is also complex.
Every real number is finite.
Every real number is either rational or irrational.
Every real number is either algebraic or transcendental.
The facts
Q.negative
,Q.zero
,Q.positive
,Q.nonnegative
,Q.nonpositive
,Q.nonzero
,Q.integer
,Q.rational
, andQ.irrational
all implyQ.real
, as do all facts that imply those facts.The facts
Q.algebraic
, andQ.transcendental
do not implyQ.real
; they implyQ.complex
. An algebraic or transcendental number may or may not be real.The “non” facts (i.e.,
Q.nonnegative
,Q.nonzero
,Q.nonpositive
andQ.noninteger
) are not equivalent to not the fact, but rather, not the fact andQ.real
. For example,Q.nonnegative
means~Q.negative & Q.real
. So for example,I
is not nonnegative, nonzero, or nonpositive.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, symbols >>> x = symbols('x') >>> ask(Q.real(x), Q.positive(x)) True >>> ask(Q.real(0)) True
References
-
real_elements
¶ Real elements matrix predicate.
Q.real_elements(x)
is true iff all the elements ofx
are real numbers.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 4, 4) >>> ask(Q.real(X[1, 2]), Q.real_elements(X)) True
-
singular
¶ Singular matrix predicate.
A matrix is singular iff the value of its determinant is 0.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 4, 4) >>> ask(Q.singular(X), Q.invertible(X)) False >>> ask(Q.singular(X), ~Q.invertible(X)) True
References
-
square
¶ Square matrix predicate.
Q.square(x)
is true iffx
is a square matrix. A square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol, ZeroMatrix, Identity >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 2, 2) >>> Y = MatrixSymbol('X', 2, 3) >>> ask(Q.square(X)) True >>> ask(Q.square(Y)) False >>> ask(Q.square(ZeroMatrix(3, 3))) True >>> ask(Q.square(Identity(3))) True
References
-
symmetric
¶ Symmetric matrix predicate.
Q.symmetric(x)
is true iffx
is a square matrix and is equal to its transpose. Every square diagonal matrix is a symmetric matrix.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 2, 2) >>> Y = MatrixSymbol('Y', 2, 3) >>> Z = MatrixSymbol('Z', 2, 2) >>> ask(Q.symmetric(X*Z), Q.symmetric(X) & Q.symmetric(Z)) True >>> ask(Q.symmetric(X + Z), Q.symmetric(X) & Q.symmetric(Z)) True >>> ask(Q.symmetric(Y)) False
References
-
transcendental
¶ Transcedental number predicate.
Q.transcendental(x)
is true iffx
belongs to the set of transcendental numbers. A transcendental number is a real or complex number that is not algebraic.
-
triangular
¶ Triangular matrix predicate.
Q.triangular(X)
is true ifX
is one that is either lower triangular or upper triangular.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 4, 4) >>> ask(Q.triangular(X), Q.upper_triangular(X)) True >>> ask(Q.triangular(X), Q.lower_triangular(X)) True
References
-
unit_triangular
¶ Unit triangular matrix predicate.
A unit triangular matrix is a triangular matrix with 1s on the diagonal.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 4, 4) >>> ask(Q.triangular(X), Q.unit_triangular(X)) True
-
unitary
¶ Unitary matrix predicate.
Q.unitary(x)
is true iffx
is a unitary matrix. Unitary matrix is an analogue to orthogonal matrix. A square matrixM
with complex elements is unitary if :math:M^TM = MM^T= I
where :math:M^T
is the conjugate transpose matrix ofM
.Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, MatrixSymbol, Identity >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 2, 2) >>> Y = MatrixSymbol('Y', 2, 3) >>> Z = MatrixSymbol('Z', 2, 2) >>> ask(Q.unitary(Y)) False >>> ask(Q.unitary(X*Z*X), Q.unitary(X) & Q.unitary(Z)) True >>> ask(Q.unitary(Identity(3))) True
References
-
upper_triangular
¶ Upper triangular matrix predicate.
A matrix
M
is called upper triangular matrix if \(M_{ij}=0\) for \(i<j\).Examples
>>> from sympy import Q, ask, ZeroMatrix, Identity >>> ask(Q.upper_triangular(Identity(3))) True >>> ask(Q.upper_triangular(ZeroMatrix(3, 3))) True
References
-
zero
¶ Zero number predicate.
ask(Q.zero(x))
is true iff the value ofx
is zero.Examples
>>> from sympy import ask, Q, oo, symbols >>> x, y = symbols('x, y') >>> ask(Q.zero(0)) True >>> ask(Q.zero(1/oo)) True >>> ask(Q.zero(0*oo)) False >>> ask(Q.zero(1)) False >>> ask(Q.zero(x*y), Q.zero(x) | Q.zero(y)) True
-
-
sympy.assumptions.ask.
ask
(proposition, assumptions=True, context={})[source]¶ Method for inferring properties about objects.
Syntax
ask(proposition)
ask(proposition, assumptions)
where
proposition
is any boolean expression
Examples
>>> from sympy import ask, Q, pi >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> ask(Q.rational(pi)) False >>> ask(Q.even(x*y), Q.even(x) & Q.integer(y)) True >>> ask(Q.prime(4*x), Q.integer(x)) False
- Remarks
Relations in assumptions are not implemented (yet), so the following will not give a meaningful result.
>>> ask(Q.positive(x), Q.is_true(x > 0)) # doctest: +SKIP
It is however a work in progress.
-
sympy.assumptions.ask.
ask_full_inference
(proposition, assumptions, known_facts_cnf)[source]¶ Method for inferring properties about objects.
-
sympy.assumptions.ask.
compute_known_facts
(known_facts, known_facts_keys)[source]¶ Compute the various forms of knowledge compilation used by the assumptions system.
This function is typically applied to the results of the
get_known_facts
andget_known_facts_keys
functions defined at the bottom of this file.
-
sympy.assumptions.ask.
register_handler
(key, handler)[source]¶ Register a handler in the ask system. key must be a string and handler a class inheriting from AskHandler:
>>> from sympy.assumptions import register_handler, ask, Q >>> from sympy.assumptions.handlers import AskHandler >>> class MersenneHandler(AskHandler): ... # Mersenne numbers are in the form 2**n - 1, n integer ... @staticmethod ... def Integer(expr, assumptions): ... from sympy import log ... return ask(Q.integer(log(expr + 1, 2))) >>> register_handler('mersenne', MersenneHandler) >>> ask(Q.mersenne(7)) True