tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy

A dtype policy for a Keras layer.

View aliases

Compat aliases for migration

tf.compat.v1.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy, tf.compat.v2.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy

tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy(
    name, loss_scale=USE_DEFAULT
)

A dtype policy determines dtype-related aspects of a layer, such as its computation and variable dtypes. Each layer has a policy. Policies can be passed to the dtype argument of layer constructors, or a global policy can be set with tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy. A layer will default to the global policy if no policy is passed to it's constructor.

For many models, each layer's policy will have the same compute dtype and variable dtype, which will typically be float32. In this case, we refer to the singular dtype as the layer's dtype, which can be queried by the property tf.keras.layers.Layer.dtype.

When mixed precision training is used, most layers will instead have a float16 or bfloat16 compute dtype and a float32 variable dtype, and so the layer does not have a single dtype. See this link for more information on mixed precision training. When the variable dtype does not match the compute dtype, variables will be automatically casted to the compute dtype to avoid type errors. In this case, tf.keras.layers.Layer.dtype refers to the variable dtype, not the compute dtype.

Certain policies also have a tf.mixed_precision.experimental.LossScale instance, which is used by tf.keras.Models to performance loss scaling. Loss scaling is a technique used with mixed precision to avoid numerical underflow in float16 gradients. Loss scaling is only done by Models in Model.fit, Model.train_on_batch, and similar methods. Layers which are not Models ignore the loss scale.

Policies are constructed by passing a string to the constructor, e.g. tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy('float32'). The string determines the compute and variable dtypes. It can be one of the following:

Any dtype name, such as 'float32' or 'float64'. Both the variable and compute dtypes will be that dtype. No loss scaling is done by default.
'mixed_float16' or 'mixed_bfloat16': The compute dtype is float16 or bfloat16, while the variable dtype is float32. These policies are used for mixed precision training. With 'mixed_float16', a dynamic loss scale is used by default. 'mixed_bfloat16' does no loss scaling by default, as loss scaling is unnecessary with bfloat16.

How to use mixed precision in a Keras model

To use mixed precision in a Keras model, the 'mixed_float16' or 'mixed_bfloat16' policy can be used. tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy can be used to set the default policy for layers if no policy is passed to them. For example:

tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy('mixed_float16')
model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
    tf.keras.layers.Input((100,)),
    # Dense layers use global policy of 'mixed_float16', which does
    # computations in float16 while keeping variables in float32.
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(10),
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(10),
    # Softmax should be done in float32 for numeric stability. We pass
    # dtype='float32' to use float32 instead of the global policy.
    tf.keras.layers.Activation('softmax', dtype='float32')
])
model.compile(...)
model.fit(...)  # Train `model`

Alternatively, the policy can be passed to individual layers instead of setting the global policy with set_policy:

policy = tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy('mixed_float16')
model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
    tf.keras.layers.Input((100,)),
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, dtype=policy),
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, dtype=policy),
    # Softmax should be done in float32 for numeric stability.
    tf.keras.layers.Activation('softmax', dtype='float32')
])
model.compile(...)
model.fit(...)  # Train `model`

Note the 'mixed_float16' policy will apply loss scaling by default in Model.fit, Model.train_on_batch, and other training methods. If no such method is used (e.g., a custom training loop is used) and 'mixed_float16' is used, the loss scale must be manually applied. See tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.LossScaleOptimizer for details. For 'mixed_bfloat16', no loss scaling is done and loss scaling never needs to be manually applied.

How to use float64 in a Keras model

Using float64 is similar to mixed precision. Either the global policy can be set to float64, or dtype='float64' can be passed to individual layers. For example, to set the global policy:

tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy('float64')
model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
    tf.keras.layers.Input((100,)),
    # All layers use global policy of 'float64', which does computations and
    # creates variables in float64.
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(10),
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(10),
    tf.keras.layers.Activation('softmax')
])
model.compile(...)
model.fit(...)  # Train `model`

How a layer uses its policy's compute dtype

A layer will cast its inputs to its compute dtype in TensorFlow 2. For example:

x = tf.ones((4, 4, 4, 4), dtype='float64')
# `layer`'s policy defaults to float32.
layer = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(filters=4, kernel_size=2)

# `layer` casts it's inputs to its compute dtype, which is float32, and does
# computations in float32.
y = layer(x)
print(y.dtype)  # float32

Currently, only tensors in the first argument to the layer's call method are casted. For example:

class MyLayer(tf.keras.layers.Layer):
  # Bug! `b` will not be casted.
  def call(self, a, b):
    return a + 1., b + 1.

a = tf.constant(1., dtype="float32")
b = tf.constant(1., dtype="float32")

layer = MyLayer(dtype="float64")
x, y = layer(a, b)
print(x.dtype)  # float64
print(y.dtype)  # float32. Not casted since `b` was not passed to first input

It is recommended to accept tensors only in the first argument. This way, all tensors are casted to the layer's compute dtype. MyLayer should therefore be written as:

class MyLayer(tf.keras.layers.Layer):
  # Now, all tensor inputs will be casted.
  def call(self, inputs):
    a, b = inputs
    return a + 1., b + 1.

a = tf.constant(1., dtype="float32")
b = tf.constant(1., dtype="float32")

layer = MyLayer(dtype="float64")
x, y = layer((a, b))
print(x.dtype)  # float64
print(y.dtype)  # float64.

Other arguments are not automatically casted for technical reasons, but this may change in a future minor release.

A layer subclass can prevent its inputs from being autocasted by passing autocast=False to the layer constructor. For example:

class NonAutoCastingLayer(tf.keras.layers.Layer):

  def __init__(self, **kwargs):
    kwargs['autocast'] = False
    super(NonAutoCastingLayer, self).__init__(**kwargs)

  def call(self, inp):
    return inp

x = tf.ones((4, 4, 4, 4), dtype='float32')
layer = NonAutoCastingLayer(dtype='float64')
y = layer(x)  # MyLayer will not cast inputs to it's compute dtype of float32
print(y.dtype)  # float32

The deprecated "infer" policy

In addition to the above mentioned policies, a policy can also be "infer". This Policy is deprecated, and it is not recommended. When a layer has an infer policy, it will infer the computation and variable dtype from the first input the first time the layer is called. Once the layer is called for the first time, the layer's policy will change to the dtype of the first input.

In TensorFlow 1, only the "infer" policy is available.

Args:

name: A string. Can be one of the following values:
- Any dtype name, such as 'float32' or 'float64'. Both the variable and compute dtypes will be that dtype.
- 'mixed_float16' or 'mixed_bfloat16': The compute dtype is float16 or bfloat16, while the variable dtype is float32. With 'mixed_float16', a dynamic loss scale is used. These policies are used for mixed precision training.
- 'infer' (deprecated): Infer the compute and variable dtype from the input dtype.
loss_scale: A tf.mixed_precision.experimental.LossScale, an int (which uses a FixedLossScale), or the string "dynamic" (which uses a DynamicLossScale). Defaults to using no loss scaling unless name is "mixed_float16", in which case this defaults to "dynamic". Only tf.keras.Models, not layers, use the loss scale, and it is only used during Model.fit, Model.train_on_batch, and other similar methods.

Attributes:

compute_dtype: The compute dtype of this policy.

This is the dtype layers will do their computations in.

Note that even if the compute dtype is float16 or bfloat16, hardware devices may not do individual adds, multiplies, and other fundamental operations in [b]float16, but instead may do some of them in float32 for numeric stability. The compute dtype is the dtype of the inputs and outputs of the TensorFlow ops that the layer executes. Internally, many TensorFlow ops will do certain internal calculations in float32, or some other device-internal intermediate format with higher precision than [b]float16, to increase numeric stability.

For example, a tf.keras.layers.Dense layer, when run on a GPU with a float16 compute dtype, will pass float16 inputs to tf.matmul. But, tf.matmul will do use float32 intermediate math. The performance benefit of float16 is still apparent, due to increased memory bandwidth and the fact modern GPUs have specialized hardware for computing matmuls on float16 while still keeping intermediate computations in float32.
loss_scale: Returns the loss scale of this Policy.
name: Returns the name of this policy.
should_cast_variables: Returns True if variables should be casted.

This is true if the variable dtype is not the same as the compute dtype.
variable_dtype: The variable dtype of this policy.

This is the dtype layers will create their variables in, unless a layer explicitly chooses a different dtype. If this is different than Policy.compute_dtype, Layers will cast variables to the compute dtype to avoid type errors.

Methods

`from_config`

View source

@classmethod
from_config(
    config, custom_objects=None
)

`get_config`

View source

get_config()