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Modifies a table definition by altering, adding, or dropping columns and constraints, reassigning and rebuilding partitions, or disabling or enabling constraints and triggers.
For more information about the syntax conventions, see Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions.
[!IMPORTANT] The syntax for ALTER TABLE is different for disk-based tables and memory-optimized tables. Use the following links to take you directly to the appropriate syntax block for your table types and to the appropriate syntax examples: - Disk-based tables: - Syntax - Examples - Memory-optimized tables - Syntax - Examples
ALTER TABLE [ database_name . [ schema_name ] . | schema_name . ] table_name
{
ALTER COLUMN column_name
{
[ type_schema_name. ] type_name
[ (
{
precision [ , scale ]
| max
| xml_schema_collection
}
) ]
[ COLLATE collation_name ]
[ NULL | NOT NULL ] [ SPARSE ]
| { ADD | DROP }
{ ROWGUIDCOL | PERSISTED | NOT FOR REPLICATION | SPARSE | HIDDEN }
| { ADD | DROP } MASKED [ WITH ( FUNCTION = ' mask_function ') ]
}
[ WITH ( ONLINE = ON | OFF ) ]
| [ WITH { CHECK | NOCHECK } ]
| ADD
{
<column_definition>
| <computed_column_definition>
| <table_constraint>
| <column_set_definition>
} [ ,...n ]
| [ system_start_time_column_name datetime2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW START
[ HIDDEN ] [ NOT NULL ] [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
DEFAULT constant_expression [WITH VALUES] ,
system_end_time_column_name datetime2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW END
[ HIDDEN ] [ NOT NULL ] [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
DEFAULT constant_expression [WITH VALUES] ,
]
PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ( system_start_time_column_name, system_end_time_column_name )
| DROP
[ {
[ CONSTRAINT ] [ IF EXISTS ]
{
constraint_name
[ WITH
( <drop_clustered_constraint_option> [ ,...n ] )
]
} [ ,...n ]
| COLUMN [ IF EXISTS ]
{
column_name
} [ ,...n ]
| PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME
} [ ,...n ]
| [ WITH { CHECK | NOCHECK } ] { CHECK | NOCHECK } CONSTRAINT
{ ALL | constraint_name [ ,...n ] }
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGER
{ ALL | trigger_name [ ,...n ] }
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } CHANGE_TRACKING
[ WITH ( TRACK_COLUMNS_UPDATED = { ON | OFF } ) ]
| SWITCH [ PARTITION source_partition_number_expression ]
TO target_table
[ PARTITION target_partition_number_expression ]
[ WITH ( <low_priority_lock_wait> ) ]
| SET
(
[ FILESTREAM_ON =
{ partition_scheme_name | filegroup | "default" | "NULL" } ]
| SYSTEM_VERSIONING =
{
OFF
| ON
[ ( HISTORY_TABLE = schema_name . history_table_name
[, DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK = { ON | OFF } ]
[, HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD =
{
INFINITE | number {DAY | DAYS | WEEK | WEEKS
| MONTH | MONTHS | YEAR | YEARS }
}
]
)
]
}
)
| REBUILD
[ [PARTITION = ALL]
[ WITH ( <rebuild_option> [ ,...n ] ) ]
| [ PARTITION = partition_number
[ WITH ( <single_partition_rebuild_option> [ ,...n ] ) ]
]
]
| <table_option>
| <filetable_option>
| <stretch_configuration>
}
[ ; ]
-- ALTER TABLE options
<column_set_definition> ::=
column_set_name XML COLUMN_SET FOR ALL_SPARSE_COLUMNS
<drop_clustered_constraint_option> ::=
{
MAXDOP = max_degree_of_parallelism
| ONLINE = { ON | OFF }
| MOVE TO
{ partition_scheme_name ( column_name ) | filegroup | "default" }
}
<table_option> ::=
{
SET ( LOCK_ESCALATION = { AUTO | TABLE | DISABLE } )
}
<filetable_option> ::=
{
[ { ENABLE | DISABLE } FILETABLE_NAMESPACE ]
[ SET ( FILETABLE_DIRECTORY = directory_name ) ]
}
<stretch_configuration> ::=
{
SET (
REMOTE_DATA_ARCHIVE
{
= ON ( <table_stretch_options> )
| = OFF_WITHOUT_DATA_RECOVERY ( MIGRATION_STATE = PAUSED )
| ( <table_stretch_options> [, ...n] )
}
)
}
<table_stretch_options> ::=
{
[ FILTER_PREDICATE = { null | table_predicate_function } , ]
MIGRATION_STATE = { OUTBOUND | INBOUND | PAUSED }
}
<single_partition_rebuild__option> ::=
{
SORT_IN_TEMPDB = { ON | OFF }
| MAXDOP = max_degree_of_parallelism
| DATA_COMPRESSION = { NONE | ROW | PAGE | COLUMNSTORE | COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE} }
| ONLINE = { ON [( <low_priority_lock_wait> ) ] | OFF }
}
<low_priority_lock_wait>::=
{
WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY ( MAX_DURATION = <time> [ MINUTES ],
ABORT_AFTER_WAIT = { NONE | SELF | BLOCKERS } )
} ALTER TABLE [ database_name . [ schema_name ] . | schema_name . ] table_name
{
ALTER COLUMN column_name
{
[ type_schema_name. ] type_name
[ (
{
precision [ , scale ]
}
) ]
[ COLLATE collation_name ]
[ NULL | NOT NULL ]
}
| ALTER INDEX index_name
{
[ type_schema_name. ] type_name
REBUILD
[ [ NONCLUSTERED ] WITH ( BUCKET_COUNT = bucket_count )
]
}
| ADD
{
<column_definition>
| <computed_column_definition>
| <table_constraint>
| <table_index>
| <column_index>
} [ ,...n ]
| [ system_start_time_column_name datetime2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW START
[ HIDDEN ] [ NOT NULL ] [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
DEFAULT constant_expression [WITH VALUES] ,
system_end_time_column_name datetime2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW END
[ HIDDEN ] [ NOT NULL ] [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
DEFAULT constant_expression [WITH VALUES] ,
]
PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ( system_start_time_column_name, system_end_time_column_name )
| DROP
[ {
CONSTRAINT [ IF EXISTS ]
{
constraint_name
} [ ,...n ]
| INDEX [ IF EXISTS ]
{
index_name
} [ ,...n ]
| COLUMN [ IF EXISTS ]
{
column_name
} [ ,...n ]
| PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME
} [ ,...n ]
| [ WITH { CHECK | NOCHECK } ] { CHECK | NOCHECK } CONSTRAINT
{ ALL | constraint_name [ ,...n ] }
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGER
{ ALL | trigger_name [ ,...n ] }
| SWITCH [ [ PARTITION ] source_partition_number_expression ]
TO target_table
[ PARTITION target_partition_number_expression ]
[ WITH ( <low_priority_lock_wait> ) ]
| SET
(
SYSTEM_VERSIONING =
{
OFF
| ON
[ ( HISTORY_TABLE = schema_name . history_table_name
[, DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK = { ON | OFF } ]
[, HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD =
{
INFINITE | number {DAY | DAYS | WEEK | WEEKS
| MONTH | MONTHS | YEAR | YEARS }
}
]
)
]
}
)
| <table_option>
}
[ ; ]
-- ALTER TABLE options
< table_constraint > ::=
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{
{ PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE }
{
NONCLUSTERED (column [ ASC | DESC ] [ ,... n ])
| NONCLUSTERED HASH (column [ ,... n ] ) WITH ( BUCKET_COUNT = bucket_count )
}
| FOREIGN KEY
( column [ ,...n ] )
REFERENCES referenced_table_name [ ( ref_column [ ,...n ] ) ]
| CHECK ( logical_expression )
}
<column_index> ::=
INDEX index_name
{ [ NONCLUSTERED ] | [ NONCLUSTERED ] HASH WITH (BUCKET_COUNT = bucket_count) }
<table_index> ::=
INDEX index_name
{ [ NONCLUSTERED ] HASH (column [ ,... n ] ) WITH (BUCKET_COUNT = bucket_count)
| [ NONCLUSTERED ] (column [ ASC | DESC ] [ ,... n ] )
[ ON filegroup_name | default ]
| CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE [WITH ( COMPRESSION_DELAY = {0 | delay [Minutes]})]
[ ON filegroup_name | default ]
}
<table_option> ::=
{
MEMORY_OPTIMIZED = ON
| DURABILITY = {SCHEMA_ONLY | SCHEMA_AND_DATA}
| SYSTEM_VERSIONING = ON [ ( HISTORY_TABLE = schema_name . history_table_name
[, DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK = { ON | OFF } ] ) ]
} -- Syntax for Azure SQL Data Warehouse and Parallel Data Warehouse
ALTER TABLE [ database_name . [schema_name ] . | schema_name. ] source_table_name
{
ALTER COLUMN column_name
{
type_name [ ( precision [ , scale ] ) ]
[ COLLATE Windows_collation_name ]
[ NULL | NOT NULL ]
}
| ADD { <column_definition> | <column_constraint> FOR column_name} [ ,...n ]
| DROP { COLUMN column_name | [CONSTRAINT] constraint_name } [ ,...n ]
| REBUILD {
[ PARTITION = ALL [ WITH ( <rebuild_option> ) ] ]
| [ PARTITION = partition_number [ WITH ( <single_partition_rebuild_option> ] ]
}
| { SPLIT | MERGE } RANGE (boundary_value)
| SWITCH [ PARTITION source_partition_number
TO target_table_name [ PARTITION target_partition_number ] [ WITH ( TRUNCATE_TARGET_PARTITION = ON | OFF )
}
[;]
<column_definition>::=
{
column_name
type_name [ ( precision [ , scale ] ) ]
[ <column_constraint> ]
[ COLLATE Windows_collation_name ]
[ NULL | NOT NULL ]
}
<column_constraint>::=
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] DEFAULT constant_expression
<rebuild_option > ::=
{
DATA_COMPRESSION = { COLUMNSTORE | COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE }
[ ON PARTITIONS ( {<partition_number> [ TO <partition_number>] } [ , ...n ] ) ]
}
<single_partition_rebuild_option > ::=
{
DATA_COMPRESSION = { COLUMNSTORE | COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE }
} database_name
Is the name of the database in which the table was created.
schema_name
Is the name of the schema to which the table belongs.
table_name
Is the name of the table to be altered. If the table is not in the current database or is not contained by the schema owned by the current user, the database and schema must be explicitly specified.
ALTER COLUMN
Specifies that the named column is to be changed or altered.
The modified column cannot be any one of the following:
A column with a timestamp data type.
The ROWGUIDCOL for the table.
A computed column or used in a computed column.
Used in statistics generated by the CREATE STATISTICS statement unless the column is a varchar, nvarchar, or varbinary data type, the data type is not changed, and the new size is equal to or greater than the old size, or if the column is changed from not null to null. First, remove the statistics using the DROP STATISTICS statement. Statistics that are automatically generated by the query optimizer are automatically dropped by ALTER COLUMN.
Used in a PRIMARY KEY or [FOREIGN KEY] REFERENCES constraint.
Used in a CHECK or UNIQUE constraint. However, changing the length of a variable-length column used in a CHECK or UNIQUE constraint is allowed.
Associated with a default definition. However, the length, precision, or scale of a column can be changed if the data type is not changed.
The data type of text, ntext, and image columns can be changed only in the following ways:
text to varchar(max), nvarchar(max), or xml
ntext to varchar(max), nvarchar(max), or xml
image to varbinary(max)
Some data type changes may cause a change in the data. For example, changing a nchar or nvarchar column, to char or varchar, may cause the conversion of extended characters. For more information, see CAST and CONVERT (Transact-SQL). Reducing the precision or scale of a column may cause data truncation.
[!NOTE] The data type of a column of a partitioned table cannot be changed.
The data type of columns included in an index cannot be changed unless the column is a varchar, nvarchar, or varbinary data type, and the new size is equal to or larger than the old size.
A column included in a primary key constraint, cannot be changed from NOT NULL to NULL.
When using Always Encrypted (without secure enclaves), if the column being modified is encrypted using ‘ENCRYPTED WITH’, you can change the datatype to a compatible datatype (such as INT to BIGINT) but you cannot change any encryption settings.
When using Always Encrypted with secure enclaves, you can change any encryption setting, as long as the column encryption key protecting the column (and the new column encryption key, if you are changing the key) support enclave computations (are encrypted with enclave-enabled column master keys). For details, see Always Encrypted with secure enclaves.
column_name
Is the name of the column to be altered, added, or dropped. column_name can be a maximum of 128 characters. For new columns, column_name can be omitted for columns created with a timestamp data type. The name timestamp is used if no column_name is specified for a timestamp data type column.
[ type_schema_name. ] type_name
Is the new data type for the altered column, or the data type for the added column. type_name cannot be specified for existing columns of partitioned tables. type_name can be any one of the following:
A SQL Server system data type.
An alias data type based on a SQL Server system data type. Alias data types are created with the CREATE TYPE statement before they can be used in a table definition.
A .NET Framework user-defined type, and the schema to which it belongs. .NET Framework .NET Framework user-defined types are created with the CREATE TYPE statement before they can be used in a table definition.
The following are criteria for type_name of an altered column:
[!NOTE]
If the COLLATE clause is not specified, changing the data type of a column will cause a collation change to the default collation of the database.
precision
Is the precision for the specified data type. For more information about valid precision values, see Precision, Scale, and Length (Transact-SQL).
scale
Is the scale for the specified data type. For more information about valid scale values, see Precision, Scale, and Length (Transact-SQL).
max
Applies only to the varchar, nvarchar, and varbinary data types for storing 2^31-1 bytes of character, binary data, and of Unicode data.
xml_schema_collection
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Applies only to the xml data type for associating an XML schema with the type. Before typing an xml column to a schema collection, the schema collection must first be created in the database by using CREATE XML SCHEMA COLLECTION.
COLLATE < collation_name > Specifies the new collation for the altered column. If not specified, the column is assigned the default collation of the database. Collation name can be either a Windows collation name or a SQL collation name. For a list and more information, see Windows Collation Name (Transact-SQL) and SQL Server Collation Name (Transact-SQL).
The COLLATE clause can be used to change the collations only of columns of the char, varchar, nchar, and nvarchar data types. To change the collation of a user-defined alias data type column, you must execute separate ALTER TABLE statements to change the column to a SQL Server system data type and change its collation, and then change the column back to an alias data type.
ALTER COLUMN cannot have a collation change if one or more of the following conditions exist:
For more information, see COLLATE (Transact-SQL).
NULL | NOT NULL
Specifies whether the column can accept null values. Columns that do not allow null values can be added with ALTER TABLE only if they have a default specified or if the table is empty. NOT NULL can be specified for computed columns only if PERSISTED is also specified. If the new column allows null values and no default is specified, the new column contains a null value for each row in the table. If the new column allows null values and a default definition is added with the new column, WITH VALUES can be used to store the default value in the new column for each existing row in the table.
If the new column does not allow null values and the table is not empty, a DEFAULT definition must be added with the new column, and the new column automatically loads with the default value in the new columns in each existing row.
NULL can be specified in ALTER COLUMN to force a NOT NULL column to allow null values, except for columns in PRIMARY KEY constraints. NOT NULL can be specified in ALTER COLUMN only if the column contains no null values. The null values must be updated to some value before the ALTER COLUMN NOT NULL is allowed, for example:
UPDATE MyTable SET NullCol = N'some_value' WHERE NullCol IS NULL;
ALTER TABLE MyTable ALTER COLUMN NullCOl NVARCHAR(20) NOT NULL; When you create or alter a table with the CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statements, the database and session settings influence and possibly override the nullability of the data type that is used in a column definition. We recommend that you always explicitly define a column as NULL or NOT NULL for noncomputed columns.
If you add a column with a user-defined data type, we recommend that you define the column with the same nullability as the user-defined data type and specify a default value for the column. For more information, see CREATE TABLE (Transact-SQL).
[!NOTE]
If NULL or NOT NULL is specified with ALTER COLUMN, new_data_type [(precision [, scale ])] must also be specified. If the data type, precision, and scale are not changed, specify the current column values.
[ {ADD | DROP} ROWGUIDCOL ]
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Specifies the ROWGUIDCOL property is added to or dropped from the specified column. ROWGUIDCOL indicates that the column is a row GUID column. Only one uniqueidentifier column per table can be designated as the ROWGUIDCOL column, and the ROWGUIDCOL property can be assigned only to a uniqueidentifier column. ROWGUIDCOL cannot be assigned to a column of a user-defined data type.
ROWGUIDCOL does not enforce uniqueness of the values that are stored in the column and does not automatically generate values for new rows that are inserted into the table. To generate unique values for each column, either use the NEWID or NEWSEQUENTIALID function on INSERT statements or specify the NEWID or NEWSEQUENTIALID function as the default for the column.
[ {ADD | DROP} PERSISTED ]
Specifies that the PERSISTED property is added to or dropped from the specified column. The column must be a computed column that is defined with a deterministic expression. For columns specified as PERSISTED, the Database Engine physically stores the computed values in the table and updates the values when any other columns on which the computed column depends are updated. By marking a computed column as PERSISTED, you can create indexes on computed columns defined on expressions that are deterministic, but not precise. For more information, see Indexes on Computed Columns.
Any computed column that is used as a partitioning column of a partitioned table must be explicitly marked PERSISTED.
DROP NOT FOR REPLICATION
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Specifies that values are incremented in identity columns when replication agents perform insert operations. This clause can be specified only if column_name is an identity column.
SPARSE
Indicates that the column is a sparse column. The storage of sparse columns is optimized for null values. Sparse columns cannot be designated as NOT NULL. Converting a column from sparse to nonsparse or from nonsparse to sparse locks the table for the duration of the command execution. You may need to use the REBUILD clause to reclaim any space savings. For additional restrictions and more information about sparse columns, see Use Sparse Columns.
ADD MASKED WITH ( FUNCTION = ’ mask_function ’)
Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) through SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Specifies a dynamic data mask. mask_function is the name of the masking function with the appropriate parameters. Three functions are available:
To drop a mask, use DROP MASKED. For function parameters, see Dynamic Data Masking.
WITH ( ONLINE = ON | OFF) <as applies to altering a column>
Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) through SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Allows many alter column actions to be performed while the table remains available. Default is OFF. Alter column can be performed on line for column changes related to data type, column length or precision, nullability, sparseness, and collation.
Online alter column allows user created and auto statistics to reference the altered column for the duration of the ALTER COLUMN operation. This allows queries to perform as usual. At the end of the operation, auto-stats that reference the column are dropped and user-created stats are invalidated. The user must manually update user-generated statistics after the operation is completed. If the column is part of a filter expression for any statistics or indexes then you cannot perform an alter column operation.
While the online alter column operation is running, all operations that could take a dependency on the column (index, views, etc.) will block or fail with an appropriate error. This guarantees that online alter column will not fail because of dependencies introduced while the operation was running.
Altering a column from NOT NULL to NULL is not supported as an online operation when the altered column is references by nonclustered indexes.
Online alter is not supported when the column is referenced by a check constraint and the alter operation is restricting the precision of the column (numeric or datetime).
The WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY option cannot be used with online alter column.
ALTER COLUMN … ADD/DROP PERSISTED is not supported for online alter column.
ALTER COLUMN … ADD/DROP ROWGUIDCOL/NOT FOR REPLICATION is not affected by online alter column.
Online alter column does not support altering a table where change tracking is enabled or that is a publisher of merge replication.
Online alter column does not support altering from or to CLR data types.
Online alter column does not support altering to an XML data type that has a schema collection different than the current schema collection.
Online alter column does not reduce the restrictions on when a column can be altered. References by index/stats, etc. might cause the alter to fail.
Online alter column does not support altering more than one column concurrently.
Online alter column has no effect in case of system-versioned temporal table. ALTER column is not performed as online regardless of which value was specified for ONLINE option.
Online alter column has similar requirements, restrictions, and functionality as online index rebuild. This includes:
Online index rebuild is not supported when the table contains legacy LOB or filestream columns or when the table has a columnstore index. The same limitations apply for online alter column.
An existing column being altered requires twice the space allocation; for the original column and for the newly created hidden column.
The locking strategy during an alter column online operation follows the same locking pattern used for online index build.
WITH CHECK | WITH NOCHECK
Specifies whether the data in the table is or is not validated against a newly added or re-enabled FOREIGN KEY or CHECK constraint. If not specified, WITH CHECK is assumed for new constraints, and WITH NOCHECK is assumed for re-enabled constraints.
If you do not want to verify new CHECK or FOREIGN KEY constraints against existing data, use WITH NOCHECK. We do not recommend doing this, except in rare cases. The new constraint will be evaluated in all later data updates. Any constraint violations that are suppressed by WITH NOCHECK when the constraint is added may cause future updates to fail if they update rows with data that does not comply with the constraint.
The query optimizer does not consider constraints that are defined WITH NOCHECK. Such constraints are ignored until they are re-enabled by using ALTER TABLE table WITH CHECK CHECK CONSTRAINT ALL.
ALTER INDEX index_name Specifies that the bucket count for index_name is to be changed or altered.
The syntax ALTER TABLE … ADD/DROP/ALTER INDEX is supported only for memory-optimized tables.
[!IMPORTANT] Without using an ALTER TABLE statement, the statements CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX, ALTER INDEX, and PAD_INDEX are not supported for indexes on memory-optimized tables.
ADD
Specifies that one or more column definitions, computed column definitions, or table constraints are added, or the columns that the system will use for system versioning. For memory-optimized tables, an index can be added.
[!IMPORTANT] Without using an ALTER TABLE statement, the statements CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX, ALTER INDEX, and PAD_INDEX are not supported for indexes on memory-optimized tables.
PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ( system_start_time_column_name, system_end_time_column_name )
Applies to: SQL Server 2017 through SQL Server 2017 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2017 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Specifies the names of the columns that the system will use to record the period for which a record is valid. You can specify existing columns or create new columns as part of the ADD PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME argument. The columns must have the datatype of datetime2 and must be defined as NOT NULL. If a period column is defined as NULL, an error will be thrown. You can define a column_constraint (Transact-SQL) and/or Specify Default Values for Columns for the system_start_time and system_end_time columns. See Example A in the System Versioning examples below demonstrating the use of a default value for the system_end_time column.
Use this argument in conjunction with the SET SYSTEM_VERSIONING argument to enable system versioning on an existing table. For more information, see Temporal Tables and Getting Started with Temporal Tables in Azure SQL Database.
As of SQL Server 2017 users will be able to mark one or both period columns with HIDDEN flag to implicitly hide these columns such that SELECT * FROM_<table/>_ does not return a value for those columns. By default, period columns are not hidden. In order to be used, hidden columns must be explicitly included in all queries that directly reference the temporal table.
DROP
Specifies that one or more column definitions, computed column definitions, or table constraints are dropped, or to drop the specification for the columns that the system will use for system versioning.
CONSTRAINT constraint_name
Specifies that constraint_name is removed from the table. Multiple constraints can be listed.
The user-defined or system-supplied name of the constraint can be determined by querying the sys.check_constraint, sys.default_constraints, sys.key_constraints, and sys.foreign_keys catalog views.
A PRIMARY KEY constraint cannot be dropped if an XML index exists on the table.
INDEX index_name Specifies that index_name is removed from the table.
The syntax ALTER TABLE … ADD/DROP/ALTER INDEX is supported only for memory-optimized tables.
[!IMPORTANT] Without using an ALTER TABLE statement, the statements CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX, ALTER INDEX, and PAD_INDEX are not supported for indexes on memory-optimized tables.
COLUMN column_name
Specifies that constraint_name or column_name is removed from the table. Multiple columns can be listed.
A column cannot be dropped when it is:
Used in an index, whether as a key column or as an
Used in a CHECK, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, or PRIMARY KEY constraint.
Associated with a default that is defined with the DEFAULT keyword, or bound to a default object.
Bound to a rule.
[!NOTE]
Dropping a column does not reclaim the disk space of the column. You may have to reclaim the disk space of a dropped column when the row size of a table is near, or has exceeded, its limit. Reclaim space by creating a clustered index on the table or rebuilding an existing clustered index by using ALTER INDEX. For information about the impact of dropping LOB data types, see this CSS blog entry.
PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME
Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) through SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Drops the specification for the columns that the system will use for system versioning.
WITH <drop_clustered_constraint_option>
Specifies that one or more drop clustered constraint options are set.
MAXDOP = max_degree_of_parallelism
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Overrides the max degree of parallelism configuration option only for the duration of the operation. For more information, see Configure the max degree of parallelism Server Configuration Option.
Use the MAXDOP option to limit the number of processors used in parallel plan execution. The maximum is 64 processors.
max_degree_of_parallelism can be one of the following values:
1
Suppresses parallel plan generation.
>1
Restricts the maximum number of processors used in a parallel index operation to the specified number.
0 (default)
Uses the actual number of processors or fewer based on the current system workload.
For more information, see Configure Parallel Index Operations.
[!NOTE]
Parallel index operations are not available in every edition of SQL Server For more information, see Editions and Supported Features for SQL Server 2016.
ONLINE = { ON | OFF } <as applies to drop_clustered_constraint_option>
Specifies whether underlying tables and associated indexes are available for queries and data modification during the index operation. The default is OFF. REBUILD can be performed as an ONLINE operation.
ON
Long-term table locks are not held for the duration of the index operation. During the main phase of the index operation, only an Intent Share (IS) lock is held on the source table. This enables queries or updates to the underlying table and indexes to continue. At the start of the operation, a Shared (S) lock is held on the source object for a very short time. At the end of the operation, for a short time, an S (Shared) lock is acquired on the source if a nonclustered index is being created; or an SCH-M (Schema Modification) lock is acquired when a clustered index is created or dropped online and when a clustered or nonclustered index is being rebuilt. ONLINE cannot be set to ON when an index is being created on a local temporary table. Only single-threaded heap rebuild operation is allowed.
To execute the DDL for SWITCH or online index rebuild, all active blocking transactions running on a particular table must be completed. When executing, the SWITCH or rebuild operation prevents new transaction from starting and might significantly affect the workload throughput and temporarily delay access to the underlying table.
OFF
Table locks are applied for the duration of the index operation. An offline index operation that creates, rebuilds, or drops a clustered index, or rebuilds or drops a nonclustered index, acquires a Schema modification (Sch-M) lock on the table. This prevents all user access to the underlying table for the duration of the operation. An offline index operation that creates a nonclustered index acquires a Shared (S) lock on the table. This prevents updates to the underlying table but allows read operations, such as SELECT statements. Multi-threaded heap rebuild operations are allowed.
For more information, see How Online Index Operations Work.
[!NOTE]
Online index operations are not available in every edition of SQL Server For more information, see Editions and Supported Features for SQL Server 2016.
MOVE TO { partition_scheme_name(_column_name_ [ 1, … n] ) | filegroup | “default” }
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Specifies a location to move the data rows currently in the leaf level of the clustered index. The table is moved to the new location. This option applies only to constraints that create a clustered index.
[!NOTE]
In this context, default is not a keyword. It is an identifier for the default filegroup and must be delimited, as in MOVE TO “default” or MOVE TO [default]. If “default” is specified, the QUOTED_IDENTIFIER option must be ON for the current session. This is the default setting. For more information, see SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER (Transact-SQL).
{ CHECK | NOCHECK } CONSTRAINT
Specifies that constraint_name is enabled or disabled. This option can only be used with FOREIGN KEY and CHECK constraints. When NOCHECK is specified, the constraint is disabled and future inserts or updates to the column are not validated against the constraint conditions. DEFAULT, PRIMARY KEY, and UNIQUE constraints cannot be disabled.
ALL
Specifies that all constraints are either disabled with the NOCHECK option or enabled with the CHECK option.
{ ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGER
Specifies that trigger_name is enabled or disabled. When a trigger is disabled it is still defined for the table; however, when INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements are executed against the table, the actions in the trigger are not performed until the trigger is re-enabled.
ALL
Specifies that all triggers in the table are enabled or disabled.
trigger_name
Specifies the name of the trigger to disable or enable.
{ ENABLE | DISABLE } CHANGE_TRACKING
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Specifies whether change tracking is enabled disabled for the table. By default, change tracking is disabled.
This option is available only when change tracking is enabled for the database. For more information, see ALTER DATABASE SET Options (Transact-SQL).
To enable change tracking, the table must have a primary key.
WITH ( TRACK_COLUMNS_UPDATED = { ON | OFF } )
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Specifies whether the Database Engine tracks which change tracked columns were updated. The default value is OFF.
SWITCH [ PARTITION source_partition_number_expression ] TO [ schema_name. ] target_table [ PARTITION target_partition_number_expression ]
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Switches a block of data in one of the following ways:
Reassigns all data of a table as a partition to an already-existing partitioned table.
Switches a partition from one partitioned table to another.
Reassigns all data in one partition of a partitioned table to an existing non-partitioned table.
If table is a partitioned table, source_partition_number_expression must be specified. If target_table is partitioned, target_partition_number_expression must be specified. If reassigning a table’s data as a partition to an already-existing partitioned table, or switching a partition from one partitioned table to another, the target partition must exist and it must be empty.
If reassigning one partition’s data to form a single table, the target table must already be created and it must be empty. Both the source table or partition, and the target table or partition, must reside in the same filegroup. The corresponding indexes, or index partitions, must also reside in the same filegroup. Many additional restrictions apply to switching partitions. table and target_table cannot be the same. target_table can be a multi-part identifier.
source_partition_number_expression and target_partition_number_expression are constant expressions that can reference variables and functions. These include user-defined type variables and user-defined functions. They cannot reference Transact\-SQL expressions.
A partitioned table with a clustered columstore index behaves like a partitioned heap:
The primary key must include the partition key.
A unique index must include the partition key. Note that including the partition key to an existing unique index can change the uniqueness.
In order to switch partitions, all non-clustered indexes must include the partition key.
For SWITCH restriction when using replication, see Replicate Partitioned Tables and Indexes.
Nonclustered columnstore indexes built for SQL Server 2016 CTP1, and for SQL Database before version V12 were in a read-only format. Nonclustered columnstore indexes must be rebuilt to the current format (which is updatable) before any PARTITION operations can be performed.
SET ( FILESTREAM_ON = { partition_scheme_name | filestream_filegroup_name | “default” | “NULL” })
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database does not support FILESTREAM.
Specifies where FILESTREAM data is stored.
ALTER TABLE with the SET FILESTREAM_ON clause will succeed only if the table has no FILESTREAM columns. The FILESTREAM columns can be added by using a second ALTER TABLE statement.
If partition_scheme_name is specified, the rules for CREATE TABLE apply. The table should already be partitioned for row data, and its partition scheme must use the same partition function and columns as the FILESTREAM partition scheme.
filestream_filegroup_name specifies the name of a FILESTREAM filegroup. The filegroup must have one file that is defined for the filegroup by using a CREATE DATABASE or ALTER DATABASE statement, or an error is raised.
“default” specifies the FILESTREAM filegroup with the DEFAULT property set. If there is no FILESTREAM filegroup, an error is raised.
“NULL” specifies that all references to FILESTREAM filegroups for the table will be removed. All FILESTREAM columns must be dropped first. You must use SET FILESTREAM_ON=“NULL” to delete all FILESTREAM data that is associated with a table.
SET ( SYSTEM_VERSIONING = { OFF | ON [ ( HISTORY_TABLE = schema_name . history_table_name [ , DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK = { ON | OFF } ] ) ] } )
Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) through SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Either disables system versioning of a table or enables system versioning of a table. To enable system versioning of a table, the system verifies that the datatype, nullability constraint, and primary key constraint requirements for system versioning are met. If the HISTORY_TABLE argument is not used, the system generates a new history table matching the schema of the current table, creating a link between the two tables and enables the system to record the history of each record in the current table in the history table. The name of this history table will be MSSQL_TemporalHistoryFor<primary_table_object_id>. If the HISTORY_TABLE argument is used to create a link to and use an existing history table, the link is created between the current table and the specified table. When creating a link to an existing history table, you can choose to perform a data consistency check. This data consistency check ensures that existing records do not overlap. Performing the data consistency check is the default. For more information, see Temporal Tables.
HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD = { INFINITE | number {DAY | DAYS | WEEK | WEEKS | MONTH | MONTHS | YEAR | YEARS} } Applies to: Azure SQL Database
Specifies finite or infinte retention for historical data in temporal table. If omitted, infinite retention is assumed.
SET ( LOCK_ESCALATION = { AUTO | TABLE | DISABLE } )
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Specifies the allowed methods of lock escalation for a table.
AUTO
This option allows SQL Server Database Engine to select the lock escalation granularity that is appropriate for the table schema.
If the table is partitioned, lock escalation will be allowed to partition. After the lock is escalated to the partition level, the lock will not be escalated later to TABLE granularity.
If the table is not partitioned, the lock escalation will be done to the TABLE granularity.
TABLE
Lock escalation will be done at table-level granularity regardless whether the table is partitioned or not partitioned. TABLE is the default value.
DISABLE
Prevents lock escalation in most cases. Table-level locks are not completely disallowed. For example, when you are scanning a table that has no clustered index under the serializable isolation level, Database Engine must take a table lock to protect data integrity.
REBUILD
Use the REBUILD WITH syntax to rebuild an entire table including all the partitions in a partitioned table. If the table has a clustered index, the REBUILD option rebuilds the clustered index. REBUILD can be performed as an ONLINE operation.
Use the REBUILD PARTITION syntax to rebuild a single partition in a partitioned table.
PARTITION = ALL
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Rebuilds all partitions when changing the partition compression settings.
REBUILD WITH ( <rebuild_option> )
All options apply to a table with a clustered index. If the table does not have a clustered index, the heap structure is only affected by some of the options.
When a specific compression setting is not specified with the REBUILD operation, the current compression setting for the partition is used. To return the current setting, query the data_compression column in the sys.partitions catalog view.
For complete descriptions of the rebuild options, see index_option (Transact-SQL).
DATA_COMPRESSION
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Specifies the data compression option for the specified table, partition number, or range of partitions. The options are as follows:
NONE
Table or specified partitions are not compressed. This does not apply to columnstore tables.
ROW
Table or specified partitions are compressed by using row compression. This does not apply to columnstore tables.
PAGE
Table or specified partitions are compressed by using page compression. This does not apply to columnstore tables.
COLUMNSTORE
Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) through SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Applies only to columnstore tables. COLUMNSTORE specifies to decompress a partition that was compressed with the COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE option. When the data is restored, it will continue to be compressed with the columnstore compression that is used for all columnstore tables.
COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE
Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) through SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Applies only to columnstore tables, which are tables stored with a clustered columnstore index. COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE will further compress the specified partition to a smaller size. This can be used for archival, or for other situations that require less storage and can afford more time for storage and retrieval
To rebuild multiple partitions at the same time, see index_option (Transact-SQL). If the table does not have a clustered index, changing the data compression rebuilds the heap and the nonclustered indexes. For more information about compression, see Data Compression.
ONLINE = { ON | OFF } <as applies to single_partition_rebuild_option>
Specifies whether a single partition of the underlying tables and associated indexes are available for queries and data modification during the index operation. The default is OFF. REBUILD can be performed as an ONLINE operation.
ON
Long-term table locks are not held for the duration of the index operation. A S-lock on the table is required in the beginning of the index rebuild and a Sch-M lock on the table at the end of the online index rebuild. Although both locks are short metadata locks, especially the Sch-M lock must wait for all blocking transactions to be completed. During the wait time the Sch-M lock blocks all other transactions that wait behind this lock when accessing the same table.
[!NOTE]
Online index rebuild can set the low_priority_lock_wait options described later in this section.
OFF
Table locks are applied for the duration of the index operation. This prevents all user access to the underlying table for the duration of the operation.
column_set_name XML COLUMN_SET FOR ALL_SPARSE_COLUMNS
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
Is the name of the column set. A column set is an untyped XML representation that combines all of the sparse columns of a table into a structured output. A column set cannot be added to a table that contains sparse columns. For more information about column sets, see Use Column Sets.
{ ENABLE | DISABLE } FILETABLE_NAMESPACE
Applies to: SQL Server 2012 (11.x) through SQL Server 2012 (11.x) SQL Server 2017
Enables or disables the system-defined constraints on a FileTable. Can only be used with a FileTable.
SET ( FILETABLE_DIRECTORY = directory_name )
Applies to: SQL Server 2012 (11.x) through SQL Server 2012 (11.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database does not support FILETABLE.
Specifies the Windows-compatible FileTable directory name. This name should be unique among all the FileTable directory names in the database. Uniqueness comparison is case-insensitive, regardless of SQL collation settings. Can only be used with a FileTable.
SET (
REMOTE_DATA_ARCHIVE
{
= ON ( <table_stretch_options> )
| = OFF_WITHOUT_DATA_RECOVERY
( MIGRATION_STATE = PAUSED ) | ( <table_stretch_options> [, ...n] )
} ) Applies to: SQL Server 2017
Enables or disables Stretch Database for a table. For more info, see Stretch Database.
Enabling Stretch Database for a table
When you enable Stretch for a table by specifying ON, you also have to specify MIGRATION_STATE = OUTBOUND to begin migrating data immediately, or MIGRATION_STATE = PAUSED to postpone data migration. The default value is MIGRATION_STATE = OUTBOUND. For more info about enabling Stretch for a table, see Enable Stretch Database for a table.
Prerequisites. Before you enable Stretch for a table, you have to enable Stretch on the server and on the database. For more info, see Enable Stretch Database for a database.
Permissions. Enabling Stretch for a database or a table requires db_owner permissions. Enabling Stretch for a table also requires ALTER permissions on the table.
Disabling Stretch Database for a table
When you disable Stretch for a table, you have two options for the remote data that has already been migrated to Azure. For more info, see Disable Stretch Database and bring back remote data.
To disable Stretch for a table and copy the remote data for the table from Azure back to SQL Server, run the following command. This command can’t be canceled.
This operation incurs data transfer costs, and it can’t be canceled. For more info, see Data Transfers Pricing Details.
After all the remote data has been copied from Azure back to SQL Server, Stretch is disabled for the table.
To disable Stretch for a table and abandon the remote data, run the following command.
After you disable Stretch Database for a table, data migration stops and query results no longer include results from the remote table.
Disabling Stretch does not remove the remote table. If you want to delete the remote table, you have to drop it by using the Azure management portal.
[ FILTER_PREDICATE = { null | predicate } ]
Applies to: SQL Server 2017
Optionally specifies a filter predicate to select rows to migrate from a table that contains both historical and current data. The predicate must call a deterministic inline table-valued function. For more info, see Enable Stretch Database for a table and Select rows to migrate by using a filter function (Stretch Database).
[!IMPORTANT]
If you provide a filter predicate that performs poorly, data migration also performs poorly. Stretch Database applies the filter predicate to the table by using the CROSS APPLY operator.
If you don’t specify a filter predicate, the entire table is migrated.
When you specify a filter predicate, you also have to specify MIGRATION_STATE.
MIGRATION_STATE = { OUTBOUND | INBOUND | PAUSED }
Applies to: SQL Server 2017
Specify OUTBOUND to migrate data from SQL Server to Azure.
Specify INBOUND to copy the remote data for the table from Azure back to SQL Server and to disable Stretch for the table. For more info, see Disable Stretch Database and bring back remote data.
This operation incurs data transfer costs, and it can’t be canceled.
Specify PAUSED to pause or postpone data migration. For more info, see Pause and resume data migration (Stretch Database).
WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY
Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) through SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
An online index rebuild has to wait for blocking operations on this table. WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY indicates that the online index rebuild operation will wait for low priority locks, allowing other operations to proceed while the online index build operation is waiting. Omitting the WAIT AT LOW PRIORITY option is equivalent to WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY ( MAX_DURATION = 0 minutes, ABORT_AFTER_WAIT = NONE).
MAX_DURATION = time [MINUTES ]
Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) through SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
The wait time (an integer value specified in minutes) that the SWITCH or online index rebuild locks will wait with low priority when executing the DDL command. If the operation is blocked for the MAX_DURATION time, one of the ABORT_AFTER_WAIT actions will be executed. MAX_DURATION time is always in minutes, and the word MINUTES can be omitted.
ABORT_AFTER_WAIT = [NONE | SELF | BLOCKERS } ]
Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) through SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
NONE
Continue waiting for the lock with normal (regular) priority.
SELF
Exit the SWITCH or online index rebuild DDL operation currently being executed without taking any action.
BLOCKERS
Kill all user transactions that block currently the SWITCH or online index rebuild DDL operation so that the operation can continue.
Requires ALTER ANY CONNECTION permission.
IF EXISTS
Applies to: SQL Server SQL Server SQL Server 2016 (13.x) through current version) and SQL Server SQL Server 2016 (13.x) Azure SQL Database
Conditionally drops the column or constraint only if it already exists.
To add new rows of data, use INSERT. To remove rows of data, use DELETE or TRUNCATE TABLE. To change the values in existing rows, use UPDATE.
If there are any execution plans in the procedure cache that reference the table, ALTER TABLE marks them to be recompiled on their next execution.
You can change the length, precision, or scale of a column by specifying a new size for the column data type in the ALTER COLUMN clause. If data exists in the column, the new size cannot be smaller than the maximum size of the data. Also, the column cannot be defined in an index, unless the column is a varchar, nvarchar, or varbinary data type and the index is not the result of a PRIMARY KEY constraint. See example P.
The changes specified in ALTER TABLE are implemented immediately. If the changes require modifications of the rows in the table, ALTER TABLE updates the rows. ALTER TABLE acquires a schema modify (SCH-M) lock on the table to make sure that no other connections reference even the metadata for the table during the change, except online index operations that require a very short SCH-M lock at the end. In an ALTER TABLE…SWITCH operation, the lock is acquired on both the source and target tables. The modifications made to the table are logged and fully recoverable. Changes that affect all the rows in very large tables, such as dropping a column or, on some editions of SQL Server adding a NOT NULL column with a default value, can take a long time to complete and generate many log records. These ALTER TABLE statements should be executed with the same care as any INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement that affects many rows.
Starting with SQL Server 2012 (11.x) Enterprise Edition, adding a NOT NULL column with a default value is an online operation when the default value is a runtime constant. This means that the operation is completed almost instantaneously regardless of the number of rows in the table. This is because the existing rows in the table are not updated during the operation; instead, the default value is stored only in the metadata of the table and the value is looked up as needed in queries that access these rows. This behavior is automatic; no additional syntax is required to implement the online operation beyond the ADD COLUMN syntax. A runtime constant is an expression that produces the same value at runtime for each row in the table regardless of its determinism. For example, the constant expression “My temporary data”, or the system function GETUTCDATETIME() are runtime constants. In contrast, the functions NEWID() or NEWSEQUENTIALID() are not runtime constants because a unique value is produced for each row in the table. Adding a NOT NULL column with a default value that is not a runtime constant is always performed offline and an exclusive (SCH-M) lock is acquired for the duration of the operation.
While the existing rows reference the value stored in metadata, the default value is stored on the row for any new rows that are inserted and do not specify another value for the column. The default value stored in metadata is moved to an existing row when the row is updated (even if the actual column is not specified in the UPDATE statement), or if the table or clustered index is rebuilt.
Columns of type varchar(max), nvarchar(max), varbinary(max), xml, text, ntext, image, hierarchyid, geometry, geography, or CLR UDTS, cannot be added in an online operation. A column cannot be added online if doing so causes the maximum possible row size to exceed the 8,060 byte limit. The column is added as an offline operation in this case.
In Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Enterprise and higher, the number of processors employed to run a single ALTER TABLE ADD (index based) CONSTRAINT or DROP (clustered index) CONSTRAINT statement is determined by the max degree of parallelism configuration option and the current workload. If the Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Enterprise Database Engine detects that the system is busy, the degree of parallelism of the operation is automatically reduced before statement execution starts. You can manually configure the number of processors that are used to run the statement by specifying the MAXDOP option. For more information, see Configure the max degree of parallelism Server Configuration Option.
In addition to performing SWITCH operations that involve partitioned tables, ALTER TABLE can be used to change the state of the columns, constraints, and triggers of a partitioned table just like it is used for nonpartitioned tables. However, this statement cannot be used to change the way the table itself is partitioned. To repartition a partitioned table, use ALTER PARTITION SCHEME and ALTER PARTITION FUNCTION. Additionally, you cannot change the data type of a column of a partitioned table.
The restrictions that apply to ALTER TABLE statements on tables with schema-bound views are the same as the restrictions currently applied when modifying tables with a simple index. Adding a column is allowed. However, removing or changing a column that participates in any schema-bound view is not allowed. If the ALTER TABLE statement requires changing a column used in a schema-bound view, ALTER TABLE fails and the Database Engine raises an error message. For more information about schema binding and indexed views, see CREATE VIEW (Transact-SQL).
Adding or removing triggers on base tables is not affected by creating a schema-bound view that references the tables.
Indexes created as part of a constraint are dropped when the constraint is dropped. Indexes that were created with CREATE INDEX must be dropped with DROP INDEX. The ALTER INDEX statement can be used to rebuild an index part of a constraint definition; the constraint does not have to be dropped and added again with ALTER TABLE.
All indexes and constraints based on a column must be removed before the column can be removed.
When a constraint that created a clustered index is deleted, the data rows that were stored in the leaf level of the clustered index are stored in a nonclustered table. You can drop the clustered index and move the resulting table to another filegroup or partition scheme in a single transaction by specifying the MOVE TO option. The MOVE TO option has the following restrictions:
When you drop a clustered index, you can specify ONLINE = ON option so the DROP INDEX transaction does not block queries and modifications to the underlying data and associated nonclustered indexes.
ONLINE = ON has the following restrictions:
Temporary disk space equal to the size of the existing clustered index is required to drop a clustered index. This additional space is released as soon as the operation is completed.
[!NOTE]
The options listed under <drop_clustered_constraint_option> apply to clustered indexes on tables and cannot be applied to clustered indexes on views or nonclustered indexes.
By default, when you run ALTER TABLE on a published table at a SQL Server Publisher, that change is propagated to all SQL Server SQL Server Subscribers. This functionality has some restrictions and can be disabled. For more information, see Make Schema Changes on Publication Databases.
System tables cannot be enabled for compression. If the table is a heap, the rebuild operation for ONLINE mode will be single threaded. Use OFFLINE mode for a multi-threaded heap rebuild operation. For a more information about data compression, seeData Compression.
To evaluate how changing the compression state will affect a table, an index, or a partition, use the sp_estimate_data_compression_savings stored procedure.
The following restrictions apply to partitioned tables:
When dropping NTEXT columns, the cleanup of the deleted data occurs as a serialized operation on all rows. This can require a substantial time. When dropping an NTEXT column in a table with a large number rows, update the NTEXT column to NULL value first, then drop the column. This can be performed with parallel operations and can be much faster.
In order to execute the DDL statement for an online index rebuild, all active blocking transactions running on a particular table must be completed. When the online index rebuild executes, it blocks all new transactions that are ready to start execution on this table. Although the duration of the lock for online index rebuild is very short, waiting for all open transactions on a given table to complete and blocking the new transactions to start, might significantly affect the throughput, causing a workload slow down or timeout, and significantly limit access to the underlying table. The WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY option allows DBA’s to manage the S-lock and Sch-M locks required for online index rebuilds and allows them to select one of 3 options. In all 3 cases, if during the wait time ( (MAX_DURATION =n [minutes]) ) there are no blocking activities, the online index rebuild is executed immediately without waiting and the DDL statement is completed.
The ALTER TABLE statement allows only two-part (schema.object) table names. In SQL Server 2017 specifying a table name using the following formats fails at compile time with error 117.
In earlier versions specifying the format server.database.schema.table returned error 4902. Specifying the format .database.schema.table or the format ..schema.table succeeded.
To resolve the problem, remove the use of a 4-part prefix.
Requires ALTER permission on the table.
ALTER TABLE permissions apply to both tables involved in an ALTER TABLE SWITCH statement. Any data that is switched inherits the security of the target table.
If any columns in the ALTER TABLE statement are defined to be of a common language runtime (CLR) user-defined type or alias data type, REFERENCES permission on the type is required.
Adding a column that updates the rows of the table requires UPDATE permission on the table. For example, adding a NOT NULL column with a default value or adding an identity column when the table is not empty.
| Category | Featured syntax elements |
|---|---|
| Adding columns and constraints | ADD • PRIMARY KEY with index options • sparse columns and column sets • |
| Dropping columns and constraints | DROP |
| Altering a column definition | change data type • change column size • collation |
| Altering a table definition | DATA_COMPRESSION • SWITCH PARTITION • LOCK ESCALATION • change tracking |
| Disabling and enabling constraints and triggers | CHECK • NO CHECK • ENABLE TRIGGER • DISABLE TRIGGER |
Examples in this section demonstrate adding columns and constraints to a table.
The following example adds a column that allows null values and has no values provided through a DEFAULT definition. In the new column, each row will have NULL.
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exa (column_a INT) ;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exa ADD column_b VARCHAR(20) NULL ;
GO The following example adds a new column with a UNIQUE constraint.
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exc (column_a INT) ;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exc ADD column_b VARCHAR(20) NULL
CONSTRAINT exb_unique UNIQUE ;
GO
EXEC sp_help doc_exc ;
GO
DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exc ;
GO The following example adds a constraint to an existing column in the table. The column has a value that violates the constraint. Therefore, WITH NOCHECK is used to prevent the constraint from being validated against existing rows, and to allow for the constraint to be added.
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exd ( column_a INT) ;
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exd VALUES (-1) ;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exd WITH NOCHECK
ADD CONSTRAINT exd_check CHECK (column_a > 1) ;
GO
EXEC sp_help doc_exd ;
GO
DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exd ;
GO The following example creates a table with two columns and inserts a value into the first column, and the other column remains NULL. A DEFAULT constraint is then added to the second column. To verify that the default is applied, another value is inserted into the first column, and the table is queried.
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exz ( column_a INT, column_b INT) ;
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exz (column_a)VALUES ( 7 ) ;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exz
ADD CONSTRAINT col_b_def
DEFAULT 50 FOR column_b ;
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exz (column_a) VALUES ( 10 ) ;
GO
SELECT * FROM dbo.doc_exz ;
GO
DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exz ;
GO The following example adds several columns with constraints defined with the new column. The first new column has an IDENTITY property. Each row in the table has new incremental values in the identity column.
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exe ( column_a INT CONSTRAINT column_a_un UNIQUE) ;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exe ADD
-- Add a PRIMARY KEY identity column.
column_b INT IDENTITY
CONSTRAINT column_b_pk PRIMARY KEY,
-- Add a column that references another column in the same table.
column_c INT NULL
CONSTRAINT column_c_fk
REFERENCES doc_exe(column_a),
-- Add a column with a constraint to enforce that
-- nonnull data is in a valid telephone number format.
column_d VARCHAR(16) NULL
CONSTRAINT column_d_chk
CHECK
(column_d LIKE '[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]' OR
column_d LIKE
'([0-9][0-9][0-9]) [0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]'),
-- Add a nonnull column with a default.
column_e DECIMAL(3,3)
CONSTRAINT column_e_default
DEFAULT .081 ;
GO
EXEC sp_help doc_exe ;
GO
DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exe ;
GO The following example adds a nullable column with a DEFAULT definition, and uses WITH VALUES to provide values for each existing row in the table. If WITH VALUES is not used, each row has the value NULL in the new column.
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exf ( column_a INT) ;
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exf VALUES (1) ;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exf
ADD AddDate smalldatetime NULL
CONSTRAINT AddDateDflt
DEFAULT GETDATE() WITH VALUES ;
GO
DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exf ;
GO The following example creates the PRIMARY KEY constraint PK_TransactionHistoryArchive_TransactionID and sets the options FILLFACTOR, ONLINE, and PAD_INDEX. The resulting clustered index will have the same name as the constraint.
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
ALTER TABLE Production.TransactionHistoryArchive WITH NOCHECK
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_TransactionHistoryArchive_TransactionID PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (TransactionID)
WITH (FILLFACTOR = 75, ONLINE = ON, PAD_INDEX = ON);
GO This similar example applies page compression while applying the clustered primary key.
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
ALTER TABLE Production.TransactionHistoryArchive WITH NOCHECK
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_TransactionHistoryArchive_TransactionID PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (TransactionID)
WITH (DATA_COMPRESSION = PAGE);
GO The following examples show adding and modifying sparse columns in table T1. The code to create table T1 is as follows.
To add an additional sparse column C5, execute the following statement.
To convert the C4 non-sparse column to a sparse column, execute the following statement.
To convert the C4 sparse column to a nonsparse column, execute the following statement.
The following examples show adding a column to table T2. A column set cannot be added to a table that already contains sparse columns. The code to create table T2 is as follows.
The following three statements add a column set named CS, and then modify columns C2 and C3 to SPARSE.
ALTER TABLE T2
ADD CS XML COLUMN_SET FOR ALL_SPARSE_COLUMNS ;
GO
ALTER TABLE T2
ALTER COLUMN C2 ADD SPARSE ;
GO
ALTER TABLE T2
ALTER COLUMN C3 ADD SPARSE ;
GO The following statement adds an encrypted column named PromotionCode.
ALTER TABLE Customers ADD
PromotionCode nvarchar(100)
ENCRYPTED WITH (COLUMN_ENCRYPTION_KEY = MyCEK,
ENCRYPTION_TYPE = RANDOMIZED,
ALGORITHM = 'AEAD_AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256') ; The examples in this section demonstrate dropping columns and constraints.
The first example modifies a table to remove a column. The second example removes multiple columns.
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exb
(column_a INT
,column_b VARCHAR(20) NULL
,column_c datetime
,column_d int) ;
GO
-- Remove a single column.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exb DROP COLUMN column_b ;
GO
-- Remove multiple columns.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exb DROP COLUMN column_c, column_d; The first example removes a UNIQUE constraint from a table. The second example removes two constraints and a single column.
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exc ( column_a int NOT NULL CONSTRAINT my_constraint UNIQUE) ;
GO
-- Example 1. Remove a single constraint.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exc DROP my_constraint ;
GO
DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exc;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exc ( column_a int
NOT NULL CONSTRAINT my_constraint UNIQUE
,column_b int
NOT NULL CONSTRAINT my_pk_constraint PRIMARY KEY) ;
GO
-- Example 2. Remove two constraints and one column
-- The keyword CONSTRAINT is optional. The keyword COLUMN is required.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exc
DROP CONSTRAINT CONSTRAINT my_constraint, my_pk_constraint, COLUMN column_b ;
GO The following example deletes a PRIMARY KEY constraint with the ONLINE option set to ON.
ALTER TABLE Production.TransactionHistoryArchive
DROP CONSTRAINT PK_TransactionHistoryArchive_TransactionID
WITH (ONLINE = ON);
GO The following example creates the table ContactBackup, and then alters the table, first by adding a FOREIGN KEY constraint that references the table Person.Person, then by dropping the FOREIGN KEY constraint.
CREATE TABLE Person.ContactBackup
(ContactID int) ;
GO
ALTER TABLE Person.ContactBackup
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_ContactBackup_Contact FOREIGN KEY (ContactID)
REFERENCES Person.Person (BusinessEntityID) ;
GO
ALTER TABLE Person.ContactBackup
DROP CONSTRAINT FK_ContactBackup_Contact ;
GO
DROP TABLE Person.ContactBackup ; The following example changes a column of a table from INT to DECIMAL.
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exy (column_a INT ) ;
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exy (column_a) VALUES (10) ;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exy ALTER COLUMN column_a DECIMAL (5, 2) ;
GO
DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exy ;
GO The following example increases the size of a varchar column and the precision and scale of a decimal column. Because the columns contain data, the column size can only be increased. Also notice that col_a is defined in a unique index. The size of col_a can still be increased because the data type is a varchar and the index is not the result of a PRIMARY KEY constraint.
-- Create a two-column table with a unique index on the varchar column.
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exy ( col_a varchar(5) UNIQUE NOT NULL, col_b decimal (4,2));
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exy VALUES ('Test', 99.99);
GO
-- Verify the current column size.
SELECT name, TYPE_NAME(system_type_id), max_length, precision, scale
FROM sys.columns WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'dbo.doc_exy');
GO
-- Increase the size of the varchar column.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exy ALTER COLUMN col_a varchar(25);
GO
-- Increase the scale and precision of the decimal column.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exy ALTER COLUMN col_b decimal (10,4);
GO
-- Insert a new row.
INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exy VALUES ('MyNewColumnSize', 99999.9999) ;
GO
-- Verify the current column size.
SELECT name, TYPE_NAME(system_type_id), max_length, precision, scale
FROM sys.columns WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'dbo.doc_exy'); The following example shows how to change the collation of a column. First, a table is created table with the default user collation.
Next, column C2 collation is changed to Latin1_General_BIN. Note that the data type is required, even though it is not changed.
The following example shows how to encrypt a column using Always Encrypted with secure enclaves.
First, a table is created without any encrypted columns.
Next, column ‘C2’ is encrypted with a column encryption key, named CEK1, and randomized encryption. Note that for the below statement to succeed: - The column encryption key must be enclave-enabled, meaning it must be encrypted with a column master key that allows enclave computations. - The target SQL Server instance must support Always Encrypted with secure enclaves. - The statement must be issued over a connection set up for Always Encrypted with secure enclaves, and using a supported client driver. - The calling application must have access to the column master key, protecting CEK1.
ALTER TABLE T3
ALTER COLUMN C2 varchar(50) ENCRYPTED WITH (COLUMN_ENCRYPTION_KEY = [CEK1], ENCRYPTION_TYPE = Randomized, ALGORITHM = 'AEAD_AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256') NULL;
GO The examples in this section demonstrate how to alter the definition of a table.
The following example changes the compression of a nonpartitioned table. The heap or clustered index will be rebuilt. If the table is a heap, all nonclustered indexes will be rebuilt.
The following example changes the compression of a partitioned table. The REBUILD PARTITION = 1 syntax causes only partition number 1 to be rebuilt.
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
The same operation using the following alternate syntax causes all partitions in the table to be rebuilt.
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
ALTER TABLE PartitionTable1
REBUILD PARTITION = ALL
WITH (DATA_COMPRESSION = PAGE ON PARTITIONS(1) ) ; For additional data compression examples, see Data Compression.
The following example further compresses a columnstore table partition by applying an additional compression algorithm. This reduces the table to a smaller size, but also increases the time required for storage and retrieval. This is useful for archiving or for situations that require less space and can afford more time for storage and retrieval.
Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) through SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
ALTER TABLE PartitionTable1
REBUILD PARTITION = 1 WITH (DATA_COMPRESSION = COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE) ;
GO The following example decompresses a columnstore table partition that was compressed with COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE option. When the data is restored, it will continue to be compressed with the columnstore compression that is used for all columnstore tables.
Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) through SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
The following example creates a partitioned table, assuming that partition scheme myRangePS1 is already created in the database. Next, a non-partitioned table is created with the same structure as the partitioned table and on the same filegroup as PARTITION 2 of table PartitionTable. The data of PARTITION 2 of table PartitionTable is then switched into table NonPartitionTable.
CREATE TABLE PartitionTable (col1 int, col2 char(10))
ON myRangePS1 (col1) ;
GO
CREATE TABLE NonPartitionTable (col1 int, col2 char(10))
ON test2fg ;
GO
ALTER TABLE PartitionTable SWITCH PARTITION 2 TO NonPartitionTable ;
GO The following example enables lock escalation to the partition level on a partitioned table. If the table is not partitioned, lock escalation is set at the TABLE level.
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
The following example enables change tracking on the Person.Person table.
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
The following example enables change tracking and enables the tracking of the columns that are updated during a change.
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
ALTER TABLE Person.Person
ENABLE CHANGE_TRACKING
WITH (TRACK_COLUMNS_UPDATED = ON) The following example disables change tracking on the Person.Person table.
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
The following example disables a constraint that limits the salaries accepted in the data. NOCHECK CONSTRAINT is used with ALTER TABLE to disable the constraint and allow for an insert that would typically violate the constraint. CHECK CONSTRAINT re-enables the constraint.
CREATE TABLE dbo.cnst_example
(id INT NOT NULL,
name VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
salary MONEY NOT NULL
CONSTRAINT salary_cap CHECK (salary < 100000)
);
-- Valid inserts
INSERT INTO dbo.cnst_example VALUES (1,'Joe Brown',65000);
INSERT INTO dbo.cnst_example VALUES (2,'Mary Smith',75000);
-- This insert violates the constraint.
INSERT INTO dbo.cnst_example VALUES (3,'Pat Jones',105000);
-- Disable the constraint and try again.
ALTER TABLE dbo.cnst_example NOCHECK CONSTRAINT salary_cap;
INSERT INTO dbo.cnst_example VALUES (3,'Pat Jones',105000);
-- Re-enable the constraint and try another insert; this will fail.
ALTER TABLE dbo.cnst_example CHECK CONSTRAINT salary_cap;
INSERT INTO dbo.cnst_example VALUES (4,'Eric James',110000) ; The following example uses the DISABLE TRIGGER option of ALTER TABLE to disable the trigger and allow for an insert that would typically violate the trigger. ENABLE TRIGGER is then used to re-enable the trigger.
CREATE TABLE dbo.trig_example
(id INT,
name VARCHAR(12),
salary MONEY) ;
GO
-- Create the trigger.
CREATE TRIGGER dbo.trig1 ON dbo.trig_example FOR INSERT
AS
IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM INSERTED
WHERE salary > 100000) > 0
BEGIN
print 'TRIG1 Error: you attempted to insert a salary > $100,000'
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
END ;
GO
-- Try an insert that violates the trigger.
INSERT INTO dbo.trig_example VALUES (1,'Pat Smith',100001) ;
GO
-- Disable the trigger.
ALTER TABLE dbo.trig_example DISABLE TRIGGER trig1 ;
GO
-- Try an insert that would typically violate the trigger.
INSERT INTO dbo.trig_example VALUES (2,'Chuck Jones',100001) ;
GO
-- Re-enable the trigger.
ALTER TABLE dbo.trig_example ENABLE TRIGGER trig1 ;
GO
-- Try an insert that violates the trigger.
INSERT INTO dbo.trig_example VALUES (3,'Mary Booth',100001) ;
GO The following example shows how to perform an online index rebuild specifying the low priority wait options.
Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) through SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2014 (12.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
ALTER TABLE T1
REBUILD WITH
(
PAD_INDEX = ON,
ONLINE = ON ( WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY ( MAX_DURATION = 4 MINUTES,
ABORT_AFTER_WAIT = BLOCKERS ) )
)
; The following example shows how to perform an alter column operation with the ONLINE option.
Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) through SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exy (column_a INT ) ;
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exy (column_a) VALUES (10) ;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exy
ALTER COLUMN column_a DECIMAL (5, 2) WITH (ONLINE = ON);
GO
sp_help doc_exy;
DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exy ;
GO The following four examples will help you become familiar with the syntax for using system versioning. For additional assistance, see Getting Started with System-Versioned Temporal Tables.
Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) through SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 and SQL Server 2016 (13.x) SQL Server 2017 Azure SQL Database
The following example shows how to add system versioning to an existing table and create a future history table. This example assumes that there is an existing table called InsurancePolicy with a primary key defined. This example populates the newly created period columns for system versioning using default values for the start and end times because these values cannot be null. This example uses the HIDDEN clause to ensure no impact on existing applications interacting with the current table. It also uses HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD that is available on SQL Database only.
--Alter non-temporal table to define periods for system versioning
ALTER TABLE InsurancePolicy
ADD PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME (SysStartTime, SysEndTime),
SysStartTime datetime2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW START HIDDEN NOT NULL
DEFAULT GETUTCDATE(),
SysEndTime datetime2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW END HIDDEN NOT NULL
DEFAULT CONVERT(DATETIME2, '9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999999');
--Enable system versioning with 1 year retention for historical data
ALTER TABLE InsurancePolicy
SET (SYSTEM_VERSIONING = ON (HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD = 1 YEAR)); The following example shows how to migrate to system versioning from a solution that uses triggers to mimic temporal support. The example assumes there is an existing solution that uses a ProjectTaskCurrent table and a ProjectTaskHistory table for its existing solution, that is uses the Changed Date and Revised Date columns for its periods, that these period columns do not use the datetime2 datatype and that the ProjectTaskCurrent table has a primary key defined.
-- Drop existing trigger
DROP TRIGGER ProjectTaskCurrent_Trigger;
-- Adjust the schema for current and history table
-- Change data types for existing period columns
ALTER TABLE ProjectTaskCurrent ALTER COLUMN [Changed Date] datetime2 NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE ProjectTaskCurrent ALTER COLUMN [Revised Date] datetime2 NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE ProjectTaskHistory ALTER COLUMN [Changed Date] datetime2 NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE ProjectTaskHistory ALTER COLUMN [Revised Date] datetime2 NOT NULL;
-- Add SYSTEM_TIME period and set system versioning with linking two existing tables
-- (a certain set of data checks happen in the background)
ALTER TABLE ProjectTaskCurrent
ADD PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ([Changed Date], [Revised Date])
ALTER TABLE ProjectTaskCurrent
SET (SYSTEM_VERSIONING = ON (HISTORY_TABLE = dbo.ProjectTaskHistory, DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK = ON)) This example shows how to disable system versioning on the Department table, add a column, and re-enable system versioning. Disabling system versioning is required in order to modify the table schema. Perform these steps within a transaction to prevent updates to both tables while updating the table schema, which enables the DBA to skip the data consistency check when re-enabling system versioning and gain a performance benefit. Note that tasks such as creating statistics, switching partitions or applying compression to one or both tables does not require disabling system versioning.
BEGIN TRAN
/* Takes schema lock on both tables */
ALTER TABLE Department
SET (SYSTEM_VERSIONING = OFF);
/* expand table schema for temporal table */
ALTER TABLE Department
ADD Col5 int NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;
/* Expand table schema for history table */
ALTER TABLE DepartmentHistory
ADD Col5 int NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;
/* Re-establish versioning again */
ALTER TABLE Department
SET (SYSTEM_VERSIONING = ON (HISTORY_TABLE=dbo.DepartmentHistory,
DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK = OFF));
COMMIT This example shows how to completely remove system versioning from the Department table and drop the DepartmentHistory table. Optionally, you might also want to drop the period columns used by the system to record system versioning information. Note that you cannot drop either the Department or the DepartmentHistory tables while system versioning is enabled.
ALTER TABLE Department
SET (SYSTEM_VERSIONING = OFF);
ALTER TABLE Department
DROP PEROD FOR SYSTEM_TIME;
DROP TABLE DepartmentHistory; The following examples A through C use the FactResellerSales table in the **AdventureWorksPDW2012** database.
The following query returns one or more rows if the table FactResellerSales is partitioned. If the table is not partitioned, no rows are returned.
SELECT * FROM sys.partitions AS p
JOIN sys.tables AS t
ON p.object_id = t.object_id
WHERE p.partition_id IS NOT NULL
AND t.name = 'FactResellerSales'; The following query returns the boundary values for each partition in the FactResellerSales table.
SELECT t.name AS TableName, i.name AS IndexName, p.partition_number,
p.partition_id, i.data_space_id, f.function_id, f.type_desc,
r.boundary_id, r.value AS BoundaryValue
FROM sys.tables AS t
JOIN sys.indexes AS i
ON t.object_id = i.object_id
JOIN sys.partitions AS p
ON i.object_id = p.object_id AND i.index_id = p.index_id
JOIN sys.partition_schemes AS s
ON i.data_space_id = s.data_space_id
JOIN sys.partition_functions AS f
ON s.function_id = f.function_id
LEFT JOIN sys.partition_range_values AS r
ON f.function_id = r.function_id and r.boundary_id = p.partition_number
WHERE t.name = 'FactResellerSales' AND i.type <= 1
ORDER BY p.partition_number; The following query returns the name of the partitioning column for table. FactResellerSales.
SELECT t.object_id AS Object_ID, t.name AS TableName,
ic.column_id as PartitioningColumnID, c.name AS PartitioningColumnName
FROM sys.tables AS t
JOIN sys.indexes AS i
ON t.object_id = i.object_id
JOIN sys.columns AS c
ON t.object_id = c.object_id
JOIN sys.partition_schemes AS ps
ON ps.data_space_id = i.data_space_id
JOIN sys.index_columns AS ic
ON ic.object_id = i.object_id
AND ic.index_id = i.index_id AND ic.partition_ordinal > 0
WHERE t.name = 'FactResellerSales'
AND i.type <= 1
AND c.column_id = ic.column_id; The following example merges two partitions on a table.
The Customer table has the following definition:
CREATE TABLE Customer (
id int NOT NULL,
lastName varchar(20),
orderCount int,
orderDate date)
WITH
( DISTRIBUTION = HASH(id),
PARTITION ( orderCount RANGE LEFT
FOR VALUES (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100))); The following command combines the 10 and 25 partition boundaries.
The new DDL for the table is:
CREATE TABLE Customer (
id int NOT NULL,
lastName varchar(20),
orderCount int,
orderDate date)
WITH
( DISTRIBUTION = HASH(id),
PARTITION ( orderCount RANGE LEFT
FOR VALUES (1, 5, 25, 50, 100))); The following example splits a partition on a table.
The Customer table has the following DDL:
DROP TABLE Customer;
CREATE TABLE Customer (
id int NOT NULL,
lastName varchar(20),
orderCount int,
orderDate date)
WITH
( DISTRIBUTION = HASH(id),
PARTITION ( orderCount RANGE LEFT
FOR VALUES (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 ))); The following command creates a new partition bound by the value 75, between 50 and 100.
The new DDL for the table is:
CREATE TABLE Customer (
id int NOT NULL,
lastName varchar(20),
orderCount int,
orderDate date)
WITH DISTRIBUTION = HASH(id),
PARTITION ( orderCount (RANGE LEFT
FOR VALUES (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 ))); The following example moves the data in a partition of the Orders table to a partition in the OrdersHistory table.
The Orders table has the following DDL:
CREATE TABLE Orders (
id INT,
city VARCHAR (25),
lastUpdateDate DATE,
orderDate DATE )
WITH
(DISTRIBUTION = HASH ( id ),
PARTITION ( orderDate RANGE RIGHT
FOR VALUES ('2004-01-01', '2005-01-01', '2006-01-01', '2007-01-01' ))); In this example, the Orders table has the following partitions. Each partition contains data.
| Partition | Has data? | Boundary range |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yes | OrderDate < ‘2004-01-01’ |
| 2 | Yes | ‘2004-01-01’ <= OrderDate < ‘2005-01-01’ |
| 3 | Yes | ‘2005-01-01’ <= OrderDate< ‘2006-01-01’ |
| 4 | Yes | ‘2006-01-01’<= OrderDate < ‘2007-01-01’ |
| 5 | Yes | ‘2007-01-01’ <= OrderDate |
The OrdersHistory table has the following DDL, which has identical columns and column names as the Orders table. Both are hash-distributed on the id column.
CREATE TABLE OrdersHistory (
id INT,
city VARCHAR (25),
lastUpdateDate DATE,
orderDate DATE )
WITH
(DISTRIBUTION = HASH ( id ),
PARTITION ( orderDate RANGE RIGHT
FOR VALUES ( '2004-01-01' ))); Although the columns and column names must be the same, the partition boundaries do not need to be the same. In this example, the OrdersHistory table has the following two partitions and both partitions are empty:
For the previous two tables, the following command moves all rows with OrderDate < '2004-01-01' from the Orders table to the OrdersHistory table.
As a result, the first partition in Orders is empty and the first partition in OrdersHistory contains data. The tables now appear as follows:
Orders table
OrdersHistory table
To clean up the Orders table, you can remove the empty partition by merging partitions 1 and 2 as follows:
After the merge, the Orders table has the following partitions:
Orders table
Suppose another year passes and you are ready to archive the year 2005. You can allocate an empty partition for the year 2005 in the OrdersHistory table by splitting the empty partition as follows:
After the split, the OrdersHistory table has the following partitions:
OrdersHistory table
sys.tables (Transact-SQL)
sp_rename (Transact-SQL)
CREATE TABLE (Transact-SQL)
DROP TABLE (Transact-SQL)
sp_help (Transact-SQL)
ALTER PARTITION SCHEME (Transact-SQL)
ALTER PARTITION FUNCTION (Transact-SQL)
EVENTDATA (Transact-SQL)