Transact-SQL Syntax ConventionsGenerates a symmetric key and specifies its properties in SQL Server
This feature is incompatible with database export using Data Tier Application Framework (DACFx). You must drop all symmetric keys before exporting.
Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions
CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY key_name
[ AUTHORIZATION owner_name ]
[ FROM PROVIDER provider_name ]
WITH
[
<key_options> [ , ... n ]
| ENCRYPTION BY <encrypting_mechanism> [ , ... n ]
]
<key_options> ::=
KEY_SOURCE = 'pass_phrase'
| ALGORITHM = <algorithm>
| IDENTITY_VALUE = 'identity_phrase'
| PROVIDER_KEY_NAME = 'key_name_in_provider'
| CREATION_DISPOSITION = {CREATE_NEW | OPEN_EXISTING }
<algorithm> ::=
DES | TRIPLE_DES | TRIPLE_DES_3KEY | RC2 | RC4 | RC4_128
| DESX | AES_128 | AES_192 | AES_256
<encrypting_mechanism> ::=
CERTIFICATE certificate_name
| PASSWORD = 'password'
| SYMMETRIC KEY symmetric_key_name
| ASYMMETRIC KEY asym_key_name Key_name
Specifies the unique name by which the symmetric key is known in the database. The names of temporary keys should begin with one number (#) sign. For example, #temporaryKey900007. You cannot create a symmetric key that has a name that starts with more than one #. You cannot create a temporary symmetric key using an EKM provider.
AUTHORIZATION owner_name
Specifies the name of the database user or application role that will own this key.
FROM PROVIDER provider_name
Specifies an Extensible Key Management (EKM) provider and name. The key is not exported from the EKM device. The provider must be defined first using the CREATE PROVIDER statement. For more information about creating external key providers, see Extensible Key Management (EKM).
[!NOTE]
This option is not available in a contained database.
KEY_SOURCE =’_pass_phrase_’
Specifies a pass phrase from which to derive the key.
IDENTITY_VALUE =’_identity_phrase_’
Specifies an identity phrase from which to generate a GUID for tagging data that is encrypted with a temporary key.
PROVIDER_KEY_NAME=’_key_name_in_provider_’
Specifies the name referenced in the Extensible Key Management provider.
[!NOTE]
This option is not available in a contained database.
CREATION_DISPOSITION = CREATE_NEW
Creates a new key on the Extensible Key Management device. If a key already exists on the device, the statement fails with error.
CREATION_DISPOSITION = OPEN_EXISTING
Maps a SQL Server symmetric key to an existing Extensible Key Management key. If CREATION_DISPOSITION = OPEN_EXISTING is not provided, this defaults to CREATE_NEW.
certificate_name
Specifies the name of the certificate that will be used to encrypt the symmetric key. The certificate must already exist in the database.
’ password ’
Specifies a password from which to derive a TRIPLE_DES key with which to secure the symmetric key. password must meet the Windows password policy requirements of the computer that is running the instance of SQL Server Always use strong passwords.
symmetric_key_name
Specifies a symmetric key, used to encrypt the key that is being created. The specified key must already exist in the database, and the key must be open.
asym_key_name
Specifies an asymmetric key, used to encrypt the key that is being created. This asymmetric key must already exist in the database.
<algorithm>
Specify the encrypting algorithm.
> [!WARNING]
> Beginning with SQL Server 2016 (13.x) all algorithms other than AES_128, AES_192, and AES_256 are deprecated. To use older algorithms (not recommended), you must set the database to database compatibility level 120 or lower.
When a symmetric key is created, the symmetric key must be encrypted by using at least one of the following: certificate, password, symmetric key, asymmetric key, or PROVIDER. The key can have more than one encryption of each type. In other words, a single symmetric key can be encrypted by using multiple certificates, passwords, symmetric keys, and asymmetric keys at the same time.
[!CAUTION]
When a symmetric key is encrypted with a password instead of a certificate (or another key), the TRIPLE DES encryption algorithm is used to encrypt the password. Because of this, keys that are created with a strong encryption algorithm, such as AES, are themselves secured by a weaker algorithm.
The optional password can be used to encrypt the symmetric key before distributing the key to multiple users.
Temporary keys are owned by the user that creates them. Temporary keys are only valid for the current session.
IDENTITY_VALUE generates a GUID with which to tag data that is encrypted with the new symmetric key. This tagging can be used to match keys to encrypted data. The GUID generated by a specific phrase is always the same. After a phrase has been used to generate a GUID, the phrase cannot be reused as long as there is at least one session that is actively using the phrase. IDENTITY_VALUE is an optional clause; however, we recommend using it when you are storing data encrypted with a temporary key.
There is no default encryption algorithm.
[!IMPORTANT]
We do not recommend using the RC4 and RC4_128 stream ciphers to protect sensitive data. SQL Server does not further encode the encryption performed with such keys.
Information about symmetric keys is visible in the sys.symmetric_keys catalog view.
Symmetric keys cannot be encrypted by symmetric keys created from the encryption provider.
Clarification regarding DES algorithms:
Deprecation of the RC4 algorithm:
Repeated use of the same RC4 or RC4_128 KEY_GUID on different blocks of data, results in the same RC4 key because SQL Server does not provide a salt automatically. Using the same RC4 key repeatedly is a well known error that will result in very weak encryption. Therefore we have deprecated the RC4 and RC4_128 keywords. SQL Server This feature will be removed in a future version of Microsoft SQL Server. Do not use this feature in new development work, and modify applications that currently use this feature as soon as possible.
[!WARNING]
The RC4 algorithm is only supported for backward compatibility. New material can only be encrypted using RC4 or RC4_128 when the database is in compatibility level 90 or 100. (Not recommended.) Use a newer algorithm such as one of the AES algorithms instead. In SQL Server 2017 material encrypted using RC4 or RC4_128 can be decrypted in any compatibility level.
Requires ALTER ANY SYMMETRIC KEY permission on the database. If AUTHORIZATION is specified, requires IMPERSONATE permission on the database user or ALTER permission on the application role. If encryption is by certificate or asymmetric key, requires VIEW DEFINITION permission on the certificate or asymmetric key. Only Windows logins, SQL Server logins, and application roles can own symmetric keys. Groups and roles cannot own symmetric keys.
The following example creates a symmetric key called JanainaKey09 by using the AES 256 algorithm, and then encrypts the new key with certificate Shipping04.
CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY JanainaKey09
WITH ALGORITHM = AES_256
ENCRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE Shipping04;
GO The following example creates a temporary symmetric key called #MarketingXXV from the pass phrase: The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the sides. The key is provisioned with a GUID that is generated from the string Pythagoras and encrypted with certificate Marketing25.
CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY #MarketingXXV
WITH ALGORITHM = AES_128,
KEY_SOURCE
= 'The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the sides',
IDENTITY_VALUE = 'Pythagoras'
ENCRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE Marketing25;
GO The following example creates a symmetric key called MySymKey by using a provider called MyEKMProvider and a key name of KeyForSensitiveData. It assigns authorization to User1 and assumes that the system administrator has already registered the provider called MyEKMProvider in SQL Server
CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY MySymKey
AUTHORIZATION User1
FROM PROVIDER EKMProvider
WITH
PROVIDER_KEY_NAME='KeyForSensitiveData',
CREATION_DISPOSITION=OPEN_EXISTING;
GO Choose an Encryption Algorithm
ALTER SYMMETRIC KEY (Transact-SQL)
DROP SYMMETRIC KEY (Transact-SQL)
Encryption Hierarchy
sys.symmetric_keys (Transact-SQL)
Extensible Key Management (EKM)
Extensible Key Management Using Azure Key Vault (SQL Server)