GRANT Database Permissions (Transact-SQL)

**APPLIES TO:** ![yes](media/yes.png)SQL Server (starting with 2008) ![yes](media/yes.png)Azure SQL Database ![yes](media/yes.png)Azure SQL Data Warehouse ![yes](media/yes.png)Parallel Data Warehouse

Grants permissions on a database in SQL Server

Topic link icon Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions

Syntax

  
GRANT <permission> [ ,...n ]    
    TO <database_principal> [ ,...n ] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]  
    [ AS <database_principal> ]  
  
<permission>::=    
permission | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ]  
  
<database_principal> ::=   
    Database_user   
  | Database_role   
  | Application_role   
  | Database_user_mapped_to_Windows_User   
  | Database_user_mapped_to_Windows_Group   
  | Database_user_mapped_to_certificate   
  | Database_user_mapped_to_asymmetric_key   
  | Database_user_with_no_login

Arguments

permission
Specifies a permission that can be granted on a database. For a list of the permissions, see the Remarks section later in this topic.

ALL
This option does not grant all possible permissions. Granting ALL is equivalent to granting the following permissions: BACKUP DATABASE, BACKUP LOG, CREATE DATABASE, CREATE DEFAULT, CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE RULE, CREATE TABLE, and CREATE VIEW.

PRIVILEGES
Included for ISO compliance. Does not change the behavior of ALL.

WITH GRANT OPTION
Indicates that the principal will also be given the ability to grant the specified permission to other principals.

AS <database_principal> Specifies a principal from which the principal executing this query derives its right to grant the permission.

Database_user
Specifies a database user.

Database_role
Specifies a database role.

Application_role
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 SQL Database

Specifies an application role.

Database_user_mapped_to_Windows_User
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017

Specifies a database user mapped to a Windows user.

Database_user_mapped_to_Windows_Group
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017

Specifies a database user mapped to a Windows group.

Database_user_mapped_to_certificate
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017

Specifies a database user mapped to a certificate.

Database_user_mapped_to_asymmetric_key
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017

Specifies a database user mapped to an asymmetric key.

Database_user_with_no_login
Specifies a database user with no corresponding server-level principal.

Remarks

[!IMPORTANT]
A combination of ALTER and REFERENCE permissions in some cases could allow the grantee to view data or execute unauthorized functions. For example: A user with ALTER permission on a table and REFERENCE permission on a function can create a computed column over a function and have it be executed. In this case, the user must also have SELECT permission on the computed column.

A database is a securable contained by the server that is its parent in the permissions hierarchy. The most specific and limited permissions that can be granted on a database are listed in the following table, together with the more general permissions that include them by implication.

Database permission	Implied by database permission	Implied by server permission
ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS Applies to: [!INCLUDEssSDS_md].	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER	CONTROL	ALTER ANY DATABASE
ALTER ANY APPLICATION ROLE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY ASSEMBLY	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY ASYMMETRIC KEY	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY CERTIFICATE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY COLUMN MASTER KEY DEFINITION	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY CONTRACT	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY DATABASE AUDIT	ALTER	ALTER ANY SERVER AUDIT
ALTER ANY DATABASE DDL TRIGGER	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY DATABASE EVENT NOTIFICATION	ALTER	ALTER ANY EVENT NOTIFICATION
ALTER ANY DATABASE EVENT SESSION Applies to: [!INCLUDEssSDS_md].	ALTER	ALTER ANY EVENT SESSION
ALTER ANY DATABASE SCOPED CONFIGURATION Applies to: [!INCLUDEssSQL15] through [!INCLUDEssCurrent], [!INCLUDEssSDS].	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY DATASPACE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY EXTERNAL DATA SOURCE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY EXTERNAL FILE FORMAT	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY EXTERNAL LIBRARY Applies to: [!INCLUDEssSQLv14_md].	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY FULLTEXT CATALOG	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY MASK	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY MESSAGE TYPE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY REMOTE SERVICE BINDING	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY ROLE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY ROUTE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY SCHEMA	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY SECURITY POLICY Applies to: [!INCLUDEssSDSfull].	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY SERVICE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY SYMMETRIC KEY	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
ALTER ANY USER	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
AUTHENTICATE	CONTROL	AUTHENTICATE SERVER
BACKUP DATABASE	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
BACKUP LOG	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
CHECKPOINT	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
CONNECT	CONNECT REPLICATION	CONTROL SERVER
CONNECT REPLICATION	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
CONTROL	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE AGGREGATE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE ANY EXTERNAL LIBRARY Applies to: [!INCLUDEssSQLv14_md].	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE ASSEMBLY	ALTER ANY ASSEMBLY	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE ASYMMETRIC KEY	ALTER ANY ASYMMETRIC KEY	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE CERTIFICATE	ALTER ANY CERTIFICATE	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE CONTRACT	ALTER ANY CONTRACT	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE DATABASE	CONTROL	CREATE ANY DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE DDL EVENT NOTIFICATION	ALTER ANY DATABASE EVENT NOTIFICATION	CREATE DDL EVENT NOTIFICATION
CREATE DEFAULT	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE FULLTEXT CATALOG	ALTER ANY FULLTEXT CATALOG	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE FUNCTION	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE MESSAGE TYPE	ALTER ANY MESSAGE TYPE	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE PROCEDURE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE QUEUE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE REMOTE SERVICE BINDING	ALTER ANY REMOTE SERVICE BINDING	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE ROLE	ALTER ANY ROLE	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE ROUTE	ALTER ANY ROUTE	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE RULE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE SCHEMA	ALTER ANY SCHEMA	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE SERVICE	ALTER ANY SERVICE	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY	ALTER ANY SYMMETRIC KEY	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE SYNONYM	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE TABLE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE TYPE	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE VIEW	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
CREATE XML SCHEMA COLLECTION	ALTER	CONTROL SERVER
DELETE	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
EXECUTE	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
EXECUTE ANY EXTERNAL SCRIPT Applies to: [!INCLUDEssSQL15_md].	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
INSERT	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
KILL DATABASE CONNECTION Applies to: [!INCLUDEssSDSfull].	CONTROL	ALTER ANY CONNECTION
REFERENCES	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
SELECT	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
SHOWPLAN	CONTROL	ALTER TRACE
SUBSCRIBE QUERY NOTIFICATIONS	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
TAKE OWNERSHIP	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
UNMASK	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
UPDATE	CONTROL	CONTROL SERVER
VIEW ANY COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY DEFINITION	CONTROL	VIEW ANY DEFINITION
VIEW ANY COLUMN MASTER KEY DEFINITION	CONTROL	VIEW ANY DEFINITION
VIEW DATABASE STATE	CONTROL	VIEW SERVER STATE
VIEW DEFINITION	CONTROL	VIEW ANY DEFINITION

Permissions

The grantor (or the principal specified with the AS option) must have either the permission itself with GRANT OPTION, or a higher permission that implies the permission being granted.

If you are using the AS option, the following additional requirements apply.

AS granting_principal	Additional permission required
Database user	IMPERSONATE permission on the user, membership in the db_securityadmin fixed database role, membership in the db_owner fixed database role, or membership in the sysadmin fixed server role.
Database user mapped to a Windows login	IMPERSONATE permission on the user, membership in the db_securityadmin fixed database role, membership in the db_owner fixed database role, or membership in the sysadmin fixed server role.
Database user mapped to a Windows Group	Membership in the Windows group, membership in the db_securityadmin fixed database role, membership in the db_owner fixed database role, or membership in the sysadmin fixed server role.
Database user mapped to a certificate	Membership in the db_securityadmin fixed database role, membership in the db_owner fixed database role, or membership in the sysadmin fixed server role.
Database user mapped to an asymmetric key	Membership in the db_securityadmin fixed database role, membership in the db_owner fixed database role, or membership in the sysadmin fixed server role.
Database user not mapped to any server principal	IMPERSONATE permission on the user, membership in the db_securityadmin fixed database role, membership in the db_owner fixed database role, or membership in the sysadmin fixed server role.
Database role	ALTER permission on the role, membership in the db_securityadmin fixed database role, membership in the db_owner fixed database role, or membership in the sysadmin fixed server role.
Application role	ALTER permission on the role, membership in the db_securityadmin fixed database role, membership in the db_owner fixed database role, or membership in the sysadmin fixed server role.

Object owners can grant permissions on the objects they own. Principals that have CONTROL permission on a securable can grant permission on that securable.

Grantees of CONTROL SERVER permission, such as members of the sysadmin fixed server role, can grant any permission on any securable in the server.

Examples

A. Granting permission to create tables

The following example grants CREATE TABLE permission on the AdventureWorks database to user MelanieK.

USE AdventureWorks;  
GRANT CREATE TABLE TO MelanieK;  
GO

B. Granting SHOWPLAN permission to an application role

The following example grants SHOWPLAN permission on the AdventureWorks2012 database to application role AuditMonitor.

Applies to: SQL Server 2008 through SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2017 SQL Database

USE AdventureWorks2012;  
GRANT SHOWPLAN TO AuditMonitor;  
GO

C. Granting CREATE VIEW with GRANT OPTION

The following example grants CREATE VIEW permission on the AdventureWorks2012 database to user CarmineEs with the right to grant CREATE VIEW to other principals.

USE AdventureWorks2012;  
GRANT CREATE VIEW TO CarmineEs WITH GRANT OPTION;  
GO

D. Granting CONTROL permission to a database user.

The following example grants CONTROL permission on the AdventureWorks2012 database to the database user Sarah. The user must exist in the database and the context must be set to the database.

USE AdventureWorks2012;  
GRANT CONTROL ON DATABASE:AdventureWorks2012 TO Sarah;  
GO