Scope is an object that refers to the application model. It is an execution context for expressions. Scopes are arranged in hierarchical structure which mimic the DOM structure of the application. Scopes can watch expressions and propagate events.
Scopes provide APIs ($watch) to observe model mutations.
Scopes provide APIs ($apply) to propagate any model changes through the system into the view from outside of the "Angular realm" (controllers, services, Angular event handlers).
Scopes can be nested to limit access to the properties of application components while providing access to shared model properties. Nested scopes are either "child scopes" or "isolate scopes". A "child scope" (prototypically) inherits properties from its parent scope. An "isolate scope" does not. See isolated scopes for more information.
Scopes provide context against which expressions are evaluated. For
example {{username}}
expression is meaningless, unless it is evaluated against a specific
scope which defines the username
property.
Scope is the glue between application controller and the view. During the template linking phase the directives set up
$watch
expressions on the scope. The
$watch
allows the directives to be notified of property changes, which allows the directive to
render the updated value to the DOM.
Both controllers and directives have reference to the scope, but not to each other. This arrangement isolates the controller from the directive as well as from the DOM. This is an important point since it makes the controllers view agnostic, which greatly improves the testing story of the applications.
angular.module('scopeExample', [])
.controller('MyController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
$scope.username = 'World';
$scope.sayHello = function() {
$scope.greeting = 'Hello ' + $scope.username + '!';
};
}]);
In the above example notice that the MyController
assigns World
to the username
property of
the scope. The scope then notifies the input
of the assignment, which then renders the input
with username pre-filled. This demonstrates how a controller can write data into the scope.
Similarly the controller can assign behavior to scope as seen by the sayHello
method, which is
invoked when the user clicks on the 'greet' button. The sayHello
method can read the username
property and create a greeting
property. This demonstrates that the properties on scope update
automatically when they are bound to HTML input widgets.
Logically the rendering of {{greeting}}
involves:
retrieval of the scope associated with DOM node where {{greeting}}
is defined in template.
In this example this is the same scope as the scope which was passed into MyController
. (We
will discuss scope hierarchies later.)
Evaluate the greeting
expression against the scope retrieved above,
and assign the result to the text of the enclosing DOM element.
You can think of the scope and its properties as the data which is used to render the view. The scope is the single source-of-truth for all things view related.
From a testability point of view, the separation of the controller and the view is desirable, because it allows us to test the behavior without being distracted by the rendering details.
it('should say hello', function() {
var scopeMock = {};
var cntl = new MyController(scopeMock);
// Assert that username is pre-filled
expect(scopeMock.username).toEqual('World');
// Assert that we read new username and greet
scopeMock.username = 'angular';
scopeMock.sayHello();
expect(scopeMock.greeting).toEqual('Hello angular!');
});
Each Angular application has exactly one root scope, but may have several child scopes.
The application can have multiple scopes, because some directives create new child scopes (refer to directive documentation to see which directives create new scopes). When new scopes are created, they are added as children of their parent scope. This creates a tree structure which parallels the DOM where they're attached.
When Angular evaluates {{name}}
, it first looks at the scope associated with the given
element for the name
property. If no such property is found, it searches the parent scope
and so on until the root scope is reached. In JavaScript this behavior is known as prototypical
inheritance, and child scopes prototypically inherit from their parents.
This example illustrates scopes in application, and prototypical inheritance of properties. The example is followed by a diagram depicting the scope boundaries.
<div class="show-scope-demo">
<div ng-controller="GreetController">
Hello {{name}}!
</div>
<div ng-controller="ListController">
<ol>
<li ng-repeat="name in names">{{name}} from {{department}}</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
Notice that Angular automatically places ng-scope
class on elements where scopes are
attached. The <style>
definition in this example highlights in red the new scope locations. The
child scopes are necessary because the repeater evaluates {{name}}
expression, but
depending on which scope the expression is evaluated it produces different result. Similarly the
evaluation of {{department}}
prototypically inherits from root scope, as it is the only place
where the department
property is defined.
Scopes are attached to the DOM as $scope
data property, and can be retrieved for debugging
purposes. (It is unlikely that one would need to retrieve scopes in this way inside the
application.) The location where the root scope is attached to the DOM is defined by the location
of ng-app
directive. Typically
ng-app
is placed on the <html>
element, but it can be placed on other elements as well, if,
for example, only a portion of the view needs to be controlled by Angular.
To examine the scope in the debugger:
Right click on the element of interest in your browser and select 'inspect element'. You should see the browser debugger with the element you clicked on highlighted.
The debugger allows you to access the currently selected element in the console as $0
variable.
To retrieve the associated scope in console execute: angular.element($0).scope()
or just type $scope
Scopes can propagate events in similar fashion to DOM events. The event can be broadcasted to the scope children or emitted to scope parents.
angular.module('eventExample', [])
.controller('EventController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
$scope.count = 0;
$scope.$on('MyEvent', function() {
$scope.count++;
});
}]);
The normal flow of a browser receiving an event is that it executes a corresponding JavaScript callback. Once the callback completes the browser re-renders the DOM and returns to waiting for more events.
When the browser calls into JavaScript the code executes outside the Angular execution context,
which means that Angular is unaware of model modifications. To properly process model
modifications the execution has to enter the Angular execution context using the $apply
method. Only model modifications which
execute inside the $apply
method will be properly accounted for by Angular. For example if a
directive listens on DOM events, such as ng-click
it must evaluate the
expression inside the $apply
method.
After evaluating the expression, the $apply
method performs a $digest
. In the $digest phase the scope examines all
of the $watch
expressions and compares them with the previous value. This dirty checking is done
asynchronously. This means that assignment such as $scope.username="angular"
will not
immediately cause a $watch
to be notified, instead the $watch
notification is delayed until
the $digest
phase. This delay is desirable, since it coalesces multiple model updates into one
$watch
notification as well as guarantees that during the $watch
notification no other
$watch
es are running. If a $watch
changes the value of the model, it will force additional
$digest
cycle.
Creation
The root scope is created during the application bootstrap by the $injector. During template linking, some directives create new child scopes.
Watcher registration
During template linking, directives register watches on the scope. These watches will be used to propagate model values to the DOM.
Model mutation
For mutations to be properly observed, you should make them only within the scope.$apply(). Angular APIs do this
implicitly, so no extra $apply
call is needed when doing synchronous work in controllers,
or asynchronous work with $http, $timeout
or $interval services.
Mutation observation
At the end of $apply
, Angular performs a $digest cycle on the root scope, which then propagates throughout all child scopes. During
the $digest
cycle, all $watch
ed expressions or functions are checked for model mutation
and if a mutation is detected, the $watch
listener is called.
Scope destruction
When child scopes are no longer needed, it is the responsibility of the child scope creator
to destroy them via scope.$destroy()
API. This will stop propagation of $digest
calls into the child scope and allow for memory
used by the child scope models to be reclaimed by the garbage collector.
During the compilation phase, the compiler matches directives against the DOM template. The directives usually fall into one of two categories:
Observing directives, such as
double-curly expressions {{expression}}
, register listeners using the $watch() method. This type of directive needs
to be notified whenever the expression changes so that it can update the view.
Listener directives, such as ng-click, register a listener with the DOM. When the DOM listener fires, the directive executes the associated expression and updates the view using the $apply() method.
When an external event (such as a user action, timer or XHR) is received, the associated expression must be applied to the scope through the $apply() method so that all listeners are updated correctly.
In most cases, directives and scopes interact
but do not create new instances of scope. However, some directives, such as ng-controller and ng-repeat, create new child scopes
and attach the child scope to the corresponding DOM element. You can retrieve a scope for any DOM
element by using an angular.element(aDomElement).scope()
method call.
See the directives guide for more information about isolate scopes.
Scopes and controllers interact with each other in the following situations:
Controllers use scopes to expose controller methods to templates (see ng-controller).
Controllers define methods (behavior) that can mutate the model (properties on the scope).
Controllers may register watches on the model. These watches execute immediately after the controller behavior executes.
See the ng-controller for more information.
$watch
Performance ConsiderationsDirty checking the scope for property changes is a common operation in Angular and for this reason the dirty checking function must be efficient. Care should be taken that the dirty checking function does not do any DOM access, as DOM access is orders of magnitude slower than property access on JavaScript object.
$watch
DepthsDirty checking can be done with three strategies: By reference, by collection contents, and by value. The strategies differ in the kinds of changes they detect, and in their performance characteristics.
(watchExpression, listener)
) detects a change when the whole value returned by the watch expression switches to a new value. If the value is an array or an object, changes inside it are not detected. This is the most efficient strategy.(watchExpression, listener)
) detects changes that occur inside an array or an object: When items are added, removed, or reordered. The detection is shallow - it does not reach into nested collections. Watching collection contents is more expensive than watching by reference, because copies of the collection contents need to be maintained. However, the strategy attempts to minimize the amount of copying required.(watchExpression, listener, true)
) detects any change in an arbitrarily nested data structure. It is the most powerful change detection strategy, but also the most expensive. A full traversal of the nested data structure is needed on each digest, and a full copy of it needs to be held in memory.The diagram and the example below describe how Angular interacts with the browser's event loop.
Angular modifies the normal JavaScript flow by providing its own event processing loop. This splits the JavaScript into classical and Angular execution context. Only operations which are applied in the Angular execution context will benefit from Angular data-binding, exception handling, property watching, etc... You can also use $apply() to enter the Angular execution context from JavaScript. Keep in mind that in most places (controllers, services) $apply has already been called for you by the directive which is handling the event. An explicit call to $apply is needed only when implementing custom event callbacks, or when working with third-party library callbacks.
.
$apply(stimulusFn)
, where stimulusFn
is
the work you wish to do in the Angular execution context.stimulusFn()
, which typically modifies application state.setTimeout(0)
, but the setTimeout(0)
approach
suffers from slowness and may cause view flickering since the browser renders the view after
each event.$watch
function is called which typically updates the DOM with the new value.Here is the explanation of how the Hello world
example achieves the data-binding effect when the
user enters text into the text field.
keydown
listener on the <input>
control.name
changes.X
' key causes the browser to emit a keydown
event on the input control.("name = 'X';")
to update the
application model inside the Angular execution context.name = 'X';
to the model.name
property and notifies the interpolation,
which in turn updates the DOM.keydown
event and with it
the JavaScript execution context.