Synopsis.
SELECT select_expr [, ...] [ FROM table_name ] [ WHERE condition ] [ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...] ] [ HAVING condition] [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT [ count ] ]
Description. Retrieves rows from zero or more tables.
The general execution of SELECT
is as follows:
FROM
list are computed (each element can be base or alias table). Currently FROM
supports exactly one table. Do note however that the table name can be a pattern (see FROM Clause below).
WHERE
clause is specified, all rows that do not satisfy the condition are eliminated from the output. (See WHERE Clause below.)
GROUP BY
clause is specified, or if there are aggregate function calls, the output is combined into groups of rows that match on one or more values, and the results of aggregate functions are computed. If the HAVING
clause is present, it eliminates groups that do not satisfy the given condition. (See GROUP BY Clause and HAVING Clause below.)
SELECT
output expressions for each selected row or row group.
ORDER BY
clause is specified, the returned rows are sorted in the specified order. If ORDER BY
is not given, the rows are returned in whatever order the system finds fastest to produce. (See ORDER BY Clause below.)
LIMIT
is specified, the SELECT
statement only returns a subset of the result rows. (See LIMIT Clause below.)
SELECT
list, namely the expressions between SELECT
and FROM
, represent the output rows of the SELECT
statement.
As with a table, every output column of a SELECT
has a name which can be either specified per column through the AS
keyword :
SELECT 1 + 1 AS result; result --------------- 2
Note: AS
is an optional keyword however it helps with the readability and in some case ambiguity of the query
which is why it is recommended to specify it.
assigned by Elasticsearch SQL if no name is given:
SELECT 1 + 1; 1 + 1 -------------- 2
or if it’s a simple column reference, use its name as the column name:
SELECT emp_no FROM emp LIMIT 1; emp_no --------------- 10001
To select all the columns in the source, one can use *
:
SELECT * FROM emp LIMIT 1; birth_date | emp_no | first_name | gender | hire_date | languages | last_name | salary --------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------------+---------------+---------------+--------------- 1953-09-02T00:00:00Z|10001 |Georgi |M |1986-06-26T00:00:00Z|2 |Facello |57305
which essentially returns all(top-level fields, sub-fields, such as multi-fields are ignored] columns found.
The FROM
clause specifies one table for the SELECT
and has the following syntax:
FROM table_name [ [ AS ] alias ]
where:
table_name
If the table name contains special SQL characters (such as .
,-
,*
,etc…) use double quotes to escape them:
SELECT * FROM "emp" LIMIT 1; birth_date | emp_no | first_name | gender | hire_date | languages | last_name | salary --------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------------+---------------+---------------+--------------- 1953-09-02T00:00:00Z|10001 |Georgi |M |1986-06-26T00:00:00Z|2 |Facello |57305
The name can be a pattern pointing to multiple indices (likely requiring quoting as mentioned above) with the restriction that all resolved concrete tables have exact mapping.
SELECT emp_no FROM "e*p" LIMIT 1; emp_no --------------- 10001
alias
FROM
item containing the alias. An alias is used for brevity or to eliminate ambiguity. When an alias is provided, it completely hides the actual name of the table and must be used in its place.
SELECT e.emp_no FROM emp AS e LIMIT 1; emp_no ------------- 10001
The optional WHERE
clause is used to filter rows from the query and has the following syntax:
WHERE condition
where:
condition
boolean
. Only the rows that match the condition (to true
) are returned.
SELECT last_name FROM emp WHERE emp_no = 10001; last_name --------------- Facello
The GROUP BY
clause is used to divide the results into groups of rows on matching values from the designated columns. It has the following syntax:
GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...]
where:
grouping_element
A common, group by column name:
SELECT gender AS g FROM emp GROUP BY gender; g --------------- null F M
Grouping by output ordinal:
SELECT gender FROM emp GROUP BY 1; gender --------------- null F M
Grouping by alias:
SELECT gender AS g FROM emp GROUP BY g; g --------------- null F M
And grouping by column expression (typically used along-side an alias):
SELECT languages + 1 AS l FROM emp GROUP BY l; l --------------- null 2 3 4 5 6
Or a mixture of the above:
SELECT gender g, languages l, COUNT(*) c FROM "emp" GROUP BY g, l ORDER BY languages ASC, gender DESC; g | l | c ---------------+---------------+--------------- M |null |7 F |null |3 M |1 |9 F |1 |4 null |1 |2 M |2 |11 F |2 |5 null |2 |3 M |3 |11 F |3 |6 M |4 |11 F |4 |6 null |4 |1 M |5 |8 F |5 |9 null |5 |4
When a GROUP BY
clause is used in a SELECT
, all output expressions must be either aggregate functions or expressions used for grouping or derivatives of (otherwise there would be more than one possible value to return for each ungrouped column).
To wit:
SELECT gender AS g, COUNT(*) AS c FROM emp GROUP BY gender; g | c ---------------+--------------- null |10 F |33 M |57
Expressions over aggregates used in output:
schema::g:s|salary:i SELECT gender AS g, ROUND( (MIN(salary) / 100) ) AS salary FROM emp GROUP BY gender; g | salary ---------------+--------------- null |253 F |260 M |259
Multiple aggregates used:
SELECT gender AS g, KURTOSIS(salary) AS k, SKEWNESS(salary) AS s FROM emp GROUP BY gender; g | k | s ---------------+------------------+------------------- null |2.2215791166941923|-0.03373126000214023 F |1.7873117044424276|0.05504995122217512 M |2.280646181070106 |0.44302407229580243
When an aggregation is used without an associated GROUP BY
, an implicit grouping is applied, meaning all selected rows are considered to form a single default, or implicit group.
As such, the query emits only a single row (as there is only a single group).
A common example is counting the number of records:
SELECT COUNT(*) AS count FROM emp; count --------------- 100
Of course, multiple aggregations can be applied:
SELECT MIN(salary) AS min, MAX(salary) AS max, AVG(salary) AS avg, COUNT(*) AS count FROM emp; min:i | max:i | avg:d | count:l ---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------- 25324 |74999 |48248.55 |100
The HAVING
clause can be used only along aggregate functions (and thus GROUP BY
) to filter what groups are kept or not and has the following syntax:
GROUP BY condition
where:
condition
boolean
. Only groups that match the condition (to true
) are returned.
Both WHERE
and HAVING
are used for filtering however there are several significant differences between them:
WHERE
works on individual rows, HAVING
works on the groups created by ``GROUP BY``
WHERE
is evaluated before grouping, HAVING
is evaluated after grouping
SELECT languages AS l, COUNT(*) AS c FROM emp GROUP BY l HAVING c BETWEEN 15 AND 20; l | c ---------------+--------------- 1 |15 2 |19 3 |17 4 |18
Further more, one can use multiple aggregate expressions inside HAVING
even ones that are not used in the output (SELECT
):
SELECT MIN(salary) AS min, MAX(salary) AS max, MAX(salary) - MIN(salary) AS diff FROM emp GROUP BY languages HAVING diff - max % min > 0 AND AVG(salary) > 30000; min | max | diff ---------------+---------------+--------------- 28336 |74999 |46663 25976 |73717 |47741 29175 |73578 |44403 26436 |74970 |48534 27215 |74572 |47357 25324 |66817 |41493
As indicated above, it is possible to have a HAVING
clause without a GROUP BY
. In this case, the so-called implicit grouping is applied, meaning all selected rows are considered to form a single group and HAVING
can be applied on any of the aggregate functions specified on this group.
As such, the query emits only a single row (as there is only a single group) and HAVING
condition returns either one row (the group) or zero if the condition fails.
In this example, HAVING
matches:
SELECT MIN(salary) AS min, MAX(salary) AS max FROM emp HAVING min > 25000; min | max ---------------+--------------- 25324 |74999
The ORDER BY
clause is used to sort the results of SELECT
by one or more expressions:
ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC ] [, ...]
where:
expression
ASC
(ascending).
Regardless of the ordering specified, null values are ordered last (at the end).
When used along-side, GROUP BY
expression can point only to the columns used for grouping or aggregate functions.
For example, the following query sorts by an arbitrary input field (page_count
):
SELECT * FROM library ORDER BY page_count DESC LIMIT 5; author | name | page_count | release_date -----------------+--------------------+---------------+-------------------- Peter F. Hamilton|Pandora's Star |768 |2004-03-02T00:00:00Z Vernor Vinge |A Fire Upon the Deep|613 |1992-06-01T00:00:00Z Frank Herbert |Dune |604 |1965-06-01T00:00:00Z Alastair Reynolds|Revelation Space |585 |2000-03-15T00:00:00Z James S.A. Corey |Leviathan Wakes |561 |2011-06-02T00:00:00Z
For queries that perform grouping, ordering can be applied either on the grouping columns (by default ascending) or on aggregate functions.
With GROUP BY
, make sure the ordering targets the resulting group - applying it to individual elements inside the group will have no impact on the results since regardless of the order, values inside the group are aggregated.
For example, to order groups simply indicate the grouping key:
SELECT gender AS g, COUNT(*) AS c FROM emp GROUP BY gender ORDER BY g DESC; g | c ---------------+--------------- M |57 F |33 null |10
Multiple keys can be specified of course:
SELECT gender g, languages l, COUNT(*) c FROM "emp" GROUP BY g, l ORDER BY languages ASC, gender DESC; g | l | c ---------------+---------------+--------------- M |null |7 F |null |3 M |1 |9 F |1 |4 null |1 |2 M |2 |11 F |2 |5 null |2 |3 M |3 |11 F |3 |6 M |4 |11 F |4 |6 null |4 |1 M |5 |8 F |5 |9 null |5 |4
Further more, it is possible to order groups based on aggregations of their values:
SELECT gender AS g, MIN(salary) AS salary FROM emp GROUP BY gender ORDER BY salary DESC; g | salary ---------------+--------------- F |25976 M |25945 null |25324
Ordering by aggregation is possible for up to 512 entries for memory consumption reasons.
In cases where the results pass this threshold, use <<LIMIT
, sql-syntax-limit>> to reduce the number
of results.
When doing full-text queries in the WHERE
clause, results can be returned based on their
score or relevance to the given query.
When doing multiple text queries in the WHERE
clause then, their scores will be
combined using the same rules as Elasticsearch’s
bool query.
To sort based on the score
, use the special function SCORE()
:
SELECT SCORE(), * FROM library WHERE MATCH(name, 'dune') ORDER BY SCORE() DESC; SCORE() | author | name | page_count | release_date ---------------+---------------+-------------------+---------------+-------------------- 2.2886353 |Frank Herbert |Dune |604 |1965-06-01T00:00:00Z 1.8893257 |Frank Herbert |Dune Messiah |331 |1969-10-15T00:00:00Z 1.6086556 |Frank Herbert |Children of Dune |408 |1976-04-21T00:00:00Z 1.4005898 |Frank Herbert |God Emperor of Dune|454 |1981-05-28T00:00:00Z
Note that you can return SCORE()
by using a full-text search predicate in the WHERE
clause.
This is possible even if SCORE()
is not used for sorting:
SELECT SCORE(), * FROM library WHERE MATCH(name, 'dune') ORDER BY page_count DESC; SCORE() | author | name | page_count | release_date ---------------+---------------+-------------------+---------------+-------------------- 2.2886353 |Frank Herbert |Dune |604 |1965-06-01T00:00:00Z 1.4005898 |Frank Herbert |God Emperor of Dune|454 |1981-05-28T00:00:00Z 1.6086556 |Frank Herbert |Children of Dune |408 |1976-04-21T00:00:00Z 1.8893257 |Frank Herbert |Dune Messiah |331 |1969-10-15T00:00:00Z
NOTE:
Trying to return score
from a non full-text query will return the same value for all results, as
all are equally relevant.
The LIMIT
clause restricts (limits) the number of rows returns using the format:
LIMIT ( count | ALL )
where
0
is specified, no results are returned.
To return
SELECT first_name, last_name, emp_no FROM emp LIMIT 1; first_name | last_name | emp_no ---------------+---------------+--------------- Georgi |Facello |10001