Guides.rubyonrails.org

Chapters

1. Command Line Basics
   • rails new
   • rails server
   • rails generate
   • rails console
   • rails dbconsole
   • rails plugin
   • rails runner
   • rails destroy
2. Rake
   • about
   • assets
   • db
   • doc
   • notes
   • routes
   • test
   • tmp
   • Miscellaneous
3. The Rails Advanced Command Line
   • Rails with Databases and SCM
   • server with Different Backends

1 Command Line Basics

There are a few commands that are absolutely critical to your everyday usage of Rails. In the order of how much you’ll probably use them are:

• rails console
• rails server
• rake
• rails generate
• rails dbconsole
• rails new app_name

Let’s create a simple Rails application to step through each of these commands in context.

1.1 rails new

The first thing we’ll want to do is create a new Rails application by running the rails new command after installing Rails.

$ rails new commandsapp
     create
     create  README.rdoc
     create  .gitignore
     create  Rakefile
     create  config.ru
     create  Gemfile
     create  app
     ...
     create  tmp/cache
     create  tmp/pids
     create  vendor/plugins
     create  vendor/plugins/.gitkeep

Rails will set you up with what seems like a huge amount of stuff for such a tiny command! You’ve got the entire Rails directory structure now with all the code you need to run our simple application right out of the box.

1.2 rails server

The rails server command launches a small web server named WEBrick which comes bundled with Ruby. You’ll use this any time you want to access your application through a web browser.

With no further work, rails server will run our new shiny Rails app:

$ cd commandsapp
$ rails server
=> Booting WEBrick
=> Rails 3.1.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
=> Call with -d to detach
=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server
[2010-04-18 03:20:33] INFO  WEBrick 1.3.1
[2010-04-18 03:20:33] INFO  ruby 1.8.7 (2010-01-10) [x86_64-linux]
[2010-04-18 03:20:33] INFO  WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=26086 port=3000

With just three commands we whipped up a Rails server listening on port 3000. Go to your browser and open http://localhost:3000, you will see a basic Rails app running.

You can also use the alias “s” to start the server: rails s.

The server can be run on a different port using the -p option. The default development environment can be changed using -e.

$ rails server -e production -p 4000

The -b option binds Rails to the specified ip, by default it is 0.0.0.0. You can run a server as a daemon by passing a -d option.

1.3 rails generate

The rails generate command uses templates to create a whole lot of things. Running rails generate by itself gives a list of available generators:

You can also use the alias “g” to invoke the generator command: rails g.

$ rails generate
Usage: rails generate GENERATOR [args] [options]

...
...

Please choose a generator below.

Rails:
  controller
  generator
  ...
  ...

Using generators will save you a large amount of time by writing boilerplate code, code that is necessary for the app to work.

Let’s make our own controller with the controller generator. But what command should we use? Let’s ask the generator:

$ rails generate controller
Usage: rails generate controller NAME [action action] [options]

...
...

Example:
    rails generate controller CreditCard open debit credit close

    Credit card controller with URLs like /credit_card/debit.
        Controller: app/controllers/credit_card_controller.rb
        Views:      app/views/credit_card/debit.html.erb [...]
        Helper:     app/helpers/credit_card_helper.rb
        Test:       test/functional/credit_card_controller_test.rb

Modules Example:
    rails generate controller 'admin/credit_card' suspend late_fee

    Credit card admin controller with URLs like /admin/credit_card/suspend.
        Controller: app/controllers/admin/credit_card_controller.rb
        Views:      app/views/admin/credit_card/debit.html.erb [...]
        Helper:     app/helpers/admin/credit_card_helper.rb
        Test:       test/functional/admin/credit_card_controller_test.rb

The controller generator is expecting parameters in the form of generate controller ControllerName action1 action2. Let’s make a Greetings controller with an action of hello, which will say something nice to us.

$ rails generate controller Greetings hello
     create  app/controllers/greetings_controller.rb
      route  get "greetings/hello"
     invoke  erb
     create    app/views/greetings
     create    app/views/greetings/hello.html.erb
     invoke  test_unit
     create    test/functional/greetings_controller_test.rb
     invoke  helper
     create    app/helpers/greetings_helper.rb
     invoke    test_unit
     create      test/unit/helpers/greetings_helper_test.rb
     invoke  assets
     create    app/assets/javascripts/greetings.js
     invoke    css
     create      app/assets/stylesheets/greetings.css

What all did this generate? It made sure a bunch of directories were in our application, and created a controller file, a view file, a functional test file, a helper for the view, a javascript file and a stylesheet file.

Check out the controller and modify it a little (in app/controllers/greetings_controller.rb):

class GreetingsController < ApplicationController
  def hello
    @message = "Hello, how are you today?"
  end
end

Then the view, to display our message (in app/views/greetings/hello.html.erb):

<h1>A Greeting for You!</h1>
<p><%= @message %></p>

Fire up your server using rails server.

$ rails server
=> Booting WEBrick...

The URL will be http://localhost:3000/greetings/hello.

Rails comes with a generator for data models too.

$ rails generate model
Usage: rails generate model NAME [field:type field:type] [options]

...

Examples:
    rails generate model account

            Model:      app/models/account.rb
            Test:       test/unit/account_test.rb
            Fixtures:   test/fixtures/accounts.yml
            Migration:  db/migrate/XXX_add_accounts.rb

    rails generate model post title:string body:text published:boolean

        Creates a Post model with a string title, text body, and published flag.

But instead of generating a model directly (which we’ll be doing later), let’s set up a scaffold. A scaffold in Rails is a full set of model, database migration for that model, controller to manipulate it, views to view and manipulate the data, and a test suite for each of the above.

We will set up a simple resource called “HighScore” that will keep track of our highest score on video games we play.

$ rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
    exists  app/models/
    exists  app/controllers/
    exists  app/helpers/
    create  app/views/high_scores
    create  app/views/layouts/
    exists  test/functional/
    create  test/unit/
    create  app/assets/stylesheets/
    create  app/views/high_scores/index.html.erb
    create  app/views/high_scores/show.html.erb
    create  app/views/high_scores/new.html.erb
    create  app/views/high_scores/edit.html.erb
    create  app/views/layouts/high_scores.html.erb
    create  app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css.scss
    create  app/controllers/high_scores_controller.rb
    create  test/functional/high_scores_controller_test.rb
    create  app/helpers/high_scores_helper.rb
     route  resources :high_scores
dependency  model
    exists    app/models/
    exists    test/unit/
    create    test/fixtures/
    create    app/models/high_score.rb
    create    test/unit/high_score_test.rb
    create    test/fixtures/high_scores.yml
    exists    db/migrate
    create    db/migrate/20100209025147_create_high_scores.rb

The generator checks that there exist the directories for models, controllers, helpers, layouts, functional and unit tests, stylesheets, creates the views, controller, model and database migration for HighScore (creating the high_scores table and fields), takes care of the route for the resource, and new tests for everything.

The migration requires that we migrate, that is, run some Ruby code (living in that 20100209025147_create_high_scores.rb) to modify the schema of our database. Which database? The sqlite3 database that Rails will create for you when we run the rake db:migrate command. We’ll talk more about Rake in-depth in a little while.

$ rake db:migrate
(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
==  CreateHighScores: migrating ===============================================
-- create_table(:high_scores)
   -> 0.0026s
==  CreateHighScores: migrated (0.0028s) ======================================

Let’s see the interface Rails created for us.

$ rails server

Go to your browser and open http://localhost:3000/high_scores, now we can create new high scores (55,160 on Space Invaders!)

1.4 rails console

The console command lets you interact with your Rails application from the command line. On the underside, rails console uses IRB, so if you’ve ever used it, you’ll be right at home. This is useful for testing out quick ideas with code and changing data server-side without touching the website.

You can also use the alias “c” to invoke the console: rails c.

If you wish to test out some code without changing any data, you can do that by invoking rails console --sandbox.

$ rails console --sandbox
Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 3.1.0)
Any modifications you make will be rolled back on exit
irb(main):001:0>

1.5 rails dbconsole

rails dbconsole figures out which database you’re using and drops you into whichever command line interface you would use with it (and figures out the command line parameters to give to it, too!). It supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite and SQLite3.

You can also use the alias “db” to invoke the dbconsole: rails db.

1.6 rails plugin

The rails plugin command simplifies plugin management. Plugins can be installed by name or their repository URLs. You need to have Git installed if you want to install a plugin from a Git repo. The same holds for Subversion too.

$ rails plugin install https://github.com/technoweenie/acts_as_paranoid.git
+ ./CHANGELOG
+ ./MIT-LICENSE
...
...

1.7 rails runner

runner runs Ruby code in the context of Rails non-interactively. For instance:

$ rails runner "Model.long_running_method"

You can also use the alias “r” to invoke the runner: rails r.

You can specify the environment in which the runner command should operate using the -e switch.

$ rails runner -e staging "Model.long_running_method"

1.8 rails destroy

Think of destroy as the opposite of generate. It’ll figure out what generate did, and undo it.

You can also use the alias “d” to invoke the destroy command: rails d.

$ rails generate model Oops
      exists  app/models/
      exists  test/unit/
      exists  test/fixtures/
      create  app/models/oops.rb
      create  test/unit/oops_test.rb
      create  test/fixtures/oops.yml
      exists  db/migrate
      create  db/migrate/20081221040817_create_oops.rb
$ rails destroy model Oops
    notempty  db/migrate
    notempty  db
          rm  db/migrate/20081221040817_create_oops.rb
          rm  test/fixtures/oops.yml
          rm  test/unit/oops_test.rb
          rm  app/models/oops.rb
    notempty  test/fixtures
    notempty  test
    notempty  test/unit
    notempty  test
    notempty  app/models
    notempty  app

2 Rake

Rake is Ruby Make, a standalone Ruby utility that replaces the Unix utility ‘make’, and uses a ‘Rakefile’ and .rake files to build up a list of tasks. In Rails, Rake is used for common administration tasks, especially sophisticated ones that build off of each other.

You can get a list of Rake tasks available to you, which will often depend on your current directory, by typing rake --tasks. Each task has a description, and should help you find the thing you need.

$ rake --tasks
(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
rake db:abort_if_pending_migrations       # Raises an error if there are pending migrations
rake db:charset                           # Retrieves the charset for the current environment's database
rake db:collation                         # Retrieves the collation for the current environment's database
rake db:create                            # Create the database defined in config/database.yml for the current Rails.env
...
...
rake tmp:pids:clear                       # Clears all files in tmp/pids
rake tmp:sessions:clear                   # Clears all files in tmp/sessions
rake tmp:sockets:clear                    # Clears all files in tmp/sockets

2.1 about

rake about gives information about version numbers for Ruby, RubyGems, Rails, the Rails subcomponents, your application’s folder, the current Rails environment name, your app’s database adapter, and schema version. It is useful when you need to ask for help, check if a security patch might affect you, or when you need some stats for an existing Rails installation.

$ rake about
About your application's environment
Ruby version              1.8.7 (x86_64-linux)
RubyGems version          1.3.6
Rack version              1.3
Rails version             3.2.0.beta
JavaScript Runtime        Node.js (V8)
Active Record version     3.2.0.beta
Action Pack version       3.2.0.beta
Active Resource version   3.2.0.beta
Action Mailer version     3.2.0.beta
Active Support version    3.2.0.beta
Middleware                ActionDispatch::Static, Rack::Lock, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement, ActiveRecord::QueryCache, ActionDispatch::Cookies, ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, ActionDispatch::Flash, ActionDispatch::ParamsParser, ActionDispatch::Head, Rack::ConditionalGet, Rack::ETag, ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport
Application root          /home/foobar/commandsapp
Environment               development
Database adapter          sqlite3
Database schema version   20110805173523

2.2 assets

You can precompile the assets in app/assets using rake assets:precompile and remove those compiled assets using rake assets:clean.

2.3 db

The most common tasks of the db: Rake namespace are migrate and create, and it will pay off to try out all of the migration rake tasks (up, down, redo, reset). rake db:version is useful when troubleshooting, telling you the current version of the database.

More information about migrations can be found in the Migrations guide.

2.4 doc

The doc: namespace has the tools to generate documentation for your app, API documentation, guides. Documentation can also be stripped which is mainly useful for slimming your codebase, like if you’re writing a Rails application for an embedded platform.

• rake doc:app generates documentation for your application in doc/app.
• rake doc:guides generates Rails guides in doc/guides.
• rake doc:rails generates API documentation for Rails in doc/api.
• rake doc:plugins generates API documentation for all the plugins installed in the application in doc/plugins.
• rake doc:clobber_plugins removes the generated documentation for all plugins.

2.5 notes

rake notes will search through your code for comments beginning with FIXME, OPTIMIZE or TODO. The search is done in files with extension .builder, .rb, .erb, .haml and .slim for both default and custom annotations.

$ rake notes
(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
  * [ 20] [TODO] any other way to do this?
  * [132] [FIXME] high priority for next deploy

app/model/school.rb:
  * [ 13] [OPTIMIZE] refactor this code to make it faster
  * [ 17] [FIXME]

If you are looking for a specific annotation, say FIXME, you can use rake notes:fixme. Note that you have to lower case the annotation’s name.

$ rake notes:fixme
(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
  * [132] high priority for next deploy

app/model/school.rb:
  * [ 17]

You can also use custom annotations in your code and list them using rake notes:custom by specifying the annotation using an environment variable ANNOTATION.

$ rake notes:custom ANNOTATION=BUG
(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
app/model/post.rb:
  * [ 23] Have to fix this one before pushing!

2.6 routes

rake routes will list all of your defined routes, which is useful for tracking down routing problems in your app, or giving you a good overview of the URLs in an app you’re trying to get familiar with.

2.7 test

Rails comes with a test suite called Test::Unit. Rails owes its stability to the use of tests. The tasks available in the test: namespace helps in running the different tests you will hopefully write.

2.8 tmp

The Rails.root/tmp directory is, like the *nix /tmp directory, the holding place for temporary files like sessions (if you’re using a file store for files), process id files, and cached actions.

The tmp: namespaced tasks will help you clear the Rails.root/tmp directory:

• rake tmp:cache:clear clears tmp/cache.
• rake tmp:sessions:clear clears tmp/sessions.
• rake tmp:sockets:clear clears tmp/sockets.
• rake tmp:clear clears all the three: cache, sessions and sockets.

2.9 Miscellaneous

• rake stats is great for looking at statistics on your code, displaying things like KLOCs (thousands of lines of code) and your code to test ratio.
• rake secret will give you a pseudo-random key to use for your session secret.
• rake time:zones:all lists all the timezones Rails knows about.

3 The Rails Advanced Command Line

More advanced use of the command line is focused around finding useful (even surprising at times) options in the utilities, and fitting those to your needs and specific work flow. Listed here are some tricks up Rails’ sleeve.

3.1 Rails with Databases and SCM

When creating a new Rails application, you have the option to specify what kind of database and what kind of source code management system your application is going to use. This will save you a few minutes, and certainly many keystrokes.

Let’s see what a --git option and a --database=postgresql option will do for us:

$ mkdir gitapp
$ cd gitapp
$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in .git/
$ rails new . --git --database=postgresql
      exists
      create  app/controllers
      create  app/helpers
...
...
      create  tmp/cache
      create  tmp/pids
      create  Rakefile
add 'Rakefile'
      create  README.rdoc
add 'README.rdoc'
      create  app/controllers/application_controller.rb
add 'app/controllers/application_controller.rb'
      create  app/helpers/application_helper.rb
...
      create  log/test.log
add 'log/test.log'

We had to create the gitapp directory and initialize an empty git repository before Rails would add files it created to our repository. Let’s see what it put in our database configuration:

$ cat config/database.yml
# PostgreSQL. Versions 8.2 and up are supported.
#
# Install the ruby-postgres driver:
#   gem install ruby-postgres
# On Mac OS X:
#   gem install ruby-postgres -- --include=/usr/local/pgsql
# On Windows:
#   gem install ruby-postgres
#       Choose the win32 build.
#       Install PostgreSQL and put its /bin directory on your path.
development:
  adapter: postgresql
  encoding: unicode
  database: gitapp_development
  pool: 5
  username: gitapp
  password:
...
...

It also generated some lines in our database.yml configuration corresponding to our choice of PostgreSQL for database.

3.2 server with Different Backends

Many people have created a large number of different web servers in Ruby, and many of them can be used to run Rails. Since version 2.3, Rails uses Rack to serve its webpages, which means that any webserver that implements a Rack handler can be used. This includes WEBrick, Mongrel, Thin, and Phusion Passenger (to name a few!).

To use a different server, just install its gem, then use its name for the first parameter to rails server:

$ sudo gem install mongrel
Building native extensions.  This could take a while...
Building native extensions.  This could take a while...
Successfully installed gem_plugin-0.2.3
Successfully installed fastthread-1.0.1
Successfully installed cgi_multipart_eof_fix-2.5.0
Successfully installed mongrel-1.1.5
...
...
Installing RDoc documentation for mongrel-1.1.5...
$ rails server mongrel
=> Booting Mongrel (use 'rails server webrick' to force WEBrick)
=> Rails 3.1.0 application starting on http://0.0.0.0:3000
...

Feedback

You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.

If you see any typos or factual errors you are confident to patch, please clone the rails repository and open a new pull request. You can also ask for commit rights on docrails if you plan to submit several patches. Commits are reviewed, but that happens after you've submitted your contribution. This repository is cross-merged with master periodically.

You may also find incomplete content, or stuff that is not up to date. Please do add any missing documentation for master. Check the Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines for style and conventions.

If for whatever reason you spot something to fix but cannot patch it yourself, please open an issue.

And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails documentation is very welcome in the rubyonrails-docs mailing list.