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On the Settings->General screen in a single site installation of WordPress, there are two fields named "WordPress Address (URL)" and "Site Address (URL)". They are important settings, since they control where WordPress thinks your site is located. They control the display of the URL in the admin section of your page, as well as the front end, and are used throughout the WordPress code.
Note: Both settings should include the http:// part and should not have a slash "/" at the end. Some setups may require lowercase letters (camelCase may not work if case-sensitive).
Every once in a while, somebody finds a need to manually change (or fix) these settings. Usually this happens when they change one or both and discover that their site no longer works properly. This can leave the user with no easily discoverable way to correct the problem. This article tells you how to change these settings directly.
Additional information is presented here for the case where you are moving WordPress from one site to another, as this will also require changing the site URL. You should not attempt to use this additional information if you're only attempting to correct a "broken" site.
There are four easy methods to change the Site URL manually. Any of these methods will work and perform much the same function.
In the notes below, 'WP_HOME' and 'home' refer to the "Site Address (URL)" or what you want regular visitors to type in their browser. 'WP_SITEURL' and 'siteurl' refer to the "WordPress Address (URL)" or the address where your WordPress core files reside.
It is possible to set the site URL manually in the wp-config.php file.
Add these two lines to your wp-config.php, where "example.com" is the correct location of your site.
define( 'WP_HOME', 'http://example.com' ); define( 'WP_SITEURL', 'http://example.com' );
This is not necessarily the best fix, it's just hardcoding the values into the site itself. You won't be able to edit them on the General settings page anymore when using this method.
If you have access to the site via FTP, then this method will help you quickly get a site back up and running, if you changed those values incorrectly.
1. FTP to the site, and get a copy of the active theme's functions.php file. You're going to edit it in a simple text editor and upload it back to the site.
2. Add these two lines to the file, immediately after the initial "<?php" line.
update_option( 'siteurl', 'http://example.com' ); update_option( 'home', 'http://example.com' );
Use your own URL instead of example.com, obviously.
3. Upload the file back to your site, in the same location. FileZilla offers a handy "edit file" function to do all of the above rapidly; if you can use that, do so.
4. Load the login or admin page a couple of times. The site should come back up.
Note: If your theme doesn't have a functions.php file create a new one with a text editor. Add the php tags and the two lines using your own URL instead of example.com:.
<?php update_option( 'siteurl', 'http://example.com' ); update_option( 'home', 'http://example.com' );
Upload that to your theme directory. Remove the lines or the remove the file after the site is up and running again.
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Here are some additional details that step you through transfering a LAN-based wordpress site into an externally accessible site as well enabling editing the wordpress site from inside the LAN.
Two important keys are router/firewall modifications and the "wait 10+ minutes" after making the changes at the end.
-using ssh to log into your server (nano is a server preinstalled text editor)
-$ nano /var/www/books/wp-content/themes/twentyeleven/functions.php
-add lines just after <?php
update_option( 'siteurl', 'http://your.site.url:port/yourblog' ); update_option( 'home', 'http://your.site.url:port/yourblog' );
-refresh your web browser using your external site url
http://your.site.url:port/yourblog
-$ nano /var/www/books/wp-content/themes/twentyeleven/functions.php
-remove those lines you just added (or comment them out)
-access your router (these steps are for pfSense, other routers should have similar settings to look for/watch out for)
-add to firewall/nat table a line like this
wan/tcp/port/LAN.server.IP/80
-add to firewall/rules table a line like this
tcp/*/port/LAN.server.IP/port/*
-uncheck the box at System/advanced/network address translation/Disable NAT Reflection
"Disables the automatic creation of NAT redirect rules for access to your public IP addresses from within your internal networks. Note: Reflection only works on port forward type items and does not work for large ranges > 500 ports."
Then go do something for ten minutes and when you get back see if the external url http://your.site.url:port/yourblog from a LAN browser brings the page up correctly.
WordPress supports an automatic relocation method intended to be a quick assist to getting a site working when relocating a site from one server to another.
When RELOCATE has been defined as true in wp-config.php (see next chapter), the following code in wp-login.php will take action:
if ( defined( 'RELOCATE' ) && RELOCATE ) { // Move flag is set
if ( isset( $_SERVER['PATH_INFO'] ) && ($_SERVER['PATH_INFO'] != $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']) )
$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] = str_replace( $_SERVER['PATH_INFO'], "", $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] );
$url = dirname( set_url_scheme( 'http://' . $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] . $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] ) ); if ( $url != get_option( 'siteurl' ) ) update_option( 'siteurl', $url ); }
1. Edit the wp-config.php file.
2. After the "define" statements (just before the comment line that says "That's all, stop editing!"), insert a new line, and type: define( 'RELOCATE', true );
3. Save your wp-config.php file.
4. Open a web browser and manually point it to wp-login.php on the new server. For example, if your new site is at http://www.yourdomainname.com, then type http://www.yourdomainname.com/wp-login.php into your browser's address bar.
5. Login as per normal.
6. Look in your web browser's address bar to verify that you have, indeed, logged in to the correct server. If this is the case, then in the Admin back-end, navigate to Settings > General and verify that both the address settings are correct. Remember to Save Changes.
7. Once this has been fixed, edit wp-config.php and either completely remove the line that you added (delete the whole line), comment it out (with //) or change the true value to false if you think it's likely you will be relocating again.
Note: When the RELOCATE flag is set to true, the Site URL will be automatically updated to whatever path you are using to access the login screen. This will get the admin section up and running on the new URL, but it will not correct any other part of the setup. Those you will still need to alter manually.
If you know how to access phpMyAdmin on your host, then you can edit these values directly to get you up and running again.
When moving sites from one location to another, it is sometimes necessary to manually modify data in the database to make the new site URL information to be recognized properly. Many tools exist to assist with this, and those should generally be used instead of manual modifications.
This is presented here as information only. This data may not be complete or accurate.
You should read the Moving WordPress article first, if attempting to move WordPress from one system to another.
Like many WordPress administrators, you may be running several WordPress installations off of one database using various wp-config.php hacks. Many of these hacks involve dynamically setting table prefixes, and if you do end up altering your table prefix, you must update several entries within the prefix_usermeta table as well.
As in the above section, remember that SQL changes are permanent and so you should back up your database first:
If you are changing table prefixes for a site, then remember to alter the table prefix in the usermeta tables as well. This will allow the new site to properly recognize user permissions from the old site.
UPDATE `newprefix_usermeta` SET `meta_key` = REPLACE( `meta_key` , 'oldprefix_', 'newprefix_' );
In your WordPress Theme, open each template file and search for any manually entered references to your old domain name and replace it with the new one. Look for specific hand coded links you may have entered on the various template files such as the sidebar.php and footer.php.
WordPress uses a template tag called bloginfo() to automatically generate your site address from information entered in your Administration > Settings > General panel. The tag in your template files will not have to be modified.
You will need to update your WordPress configuration file if your database has moved or changed in certain ways.
At this point, your WordPress blog should be working.
After changing the information in your Administration > Settings > General panel, you will need to update your .htaccess file if you are using Permalinks or any rewrites or redirects.
If you make a mistake, you can Restoring Your Database From Backup from your backup and try this again. So make sure it is right the first time.
There are other things you may wish to change in order to correct URLs when moving sites.
How To: Move Your WordPress Blog to a New Domain - Using the Export/Import feature to move a blog to a new domain
When doing the above and changing the URLs directly in the database, you will come across instances of the URL being located in the "guid" column in the wp_posts tables.
It is critical that you do NOT change the contents of this field.
The term "GUID" stands for "Globally Unique Identifier". It is a field that is intended to hold an identifier for the post which a) is unique across the whole of space and time and b) never, ever changes. The GUID field is primarily used to create the WordPress feeds.
When a feed-reader is reading feeds, it uses the contents of the GUID field to know whether or not it has displayed a particular item before. It does this in one of various ways, but the most common method is simply to store a list of GUID's that it has already displayed and "marked as read" or similar.
Thus, changing the GUID will mean that many feedreaders will suddenly display your content in the user's reader again as if it was new content, possibly annoying your users.
In order for the GUID field to be "globally" unique, it is an accepted convention that the URL or some representation of the URL is used. Thus, if you own example.com, then you're the only one using example.com and thus it's unique to you and your site. This is why WordPress uses the permalink, or some form thereof, for the GUID.
However, the second part of that is that the GUID must never change. Even if you shift domains around, the post is still the same post, even in a new location. Feed readers being shifted to your new feeds when you change URLs should still know that they've read some of your posts before, and thus the GUID must remain unchanged.
Never, ever, change the contents of the GUID column, under any circumstances.
NB: If the default uploads folder needs to be changed to a different location, then any media URLs will need to be changed in the post_content column of the posts table. For example, if the default uploads folder is changing from wp-content/uploads to images:
UPDATE wp_posts SET post_content = REPLACE(post_content,'www.domain.com/wp-content/uploads','www.domain.com/images');
See Moving WordPress Multisite
wp-cli is a super useful shell tool.
wp search-replace 'example.dev' 'example.com' --skip-columns=guid
Or, if you only want to change the option, you can do:
wp option update home 'http://example.com' wp option update siteurl 'http://example.com'