wpdb::prepare( string $query, array|mixed $args )

Prepares a SQL query for safe execution. Uses sprintf()-like syntax.

Description
- Parameters
- Return
- Source
- Changelog
Related
- Uses
- Used By
User Contributed Notes

Description Description

The following placeholders can be used in the query string: %d (integer) %f (float) %s (string)

All placeholders MUST be left unquoted in the query string. A corresponding argument MUST be passed for each placeholder.

For compatibility with old behavior, numbered or formatted string placeholders (eg, %1$s, %5s) will not have quotes added by this function, so should be passed with appropriate quotes around them for your usage.

Literal percentage signs (%) in the query string must be written as %%. Percentage wildcards (for example, to use in LIKE syntax) must be passed via a substitution argument containing the complete LIKE string, these cannot be inserted directly in the query string. Also see wpdb::esc_like().

Arguments may be passed as individual arguments to the method, or as a single array containing all arguments. A combination of the two is not supported.

Examples: $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT * FROM table WHERE column = %s AND field = %d OR other_field LIKE %s", array( ‘foo’, 1337, ‘%bar’ ) ); $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT DATE_FORMAT(field, ‘%%c’) FROM table WHERE column = %s", ‘foo’ );

Parameters Parameters

$query: (string) (Required) Query statement with sprintf()-like placeholders
$args: (array|mixed) (Required) The array of variables to substitute into the query's placeholders if being called with an array of arguments, or the first variable to substitute into the query's placeholders if being called with individual arguments.
$args,...: (mixed) (Required) further variables to substitute into the query's placeholders if being called wih individual arguments.

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Return Return

(string|void) Sanitized query string, if there is a query to prepare.

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Source Source

File: wp-includes/wp-db.php

public function prepare( $query, $args ) {
    if ( is_null( $query ) ) {
        return;
    }
 
    // This is not meant to be foolproof -- but it will catch obviously incorrect usage.
    if ( strpos( $query, '%' ) === false ) {
        wp_load_translations_early();
        _doing_it_wrong( 'wpdb::prepare', sprintf( __( 'The query argument of %s must have a placeholder.' ), 'wpdb::prepare()' ), '3.9.0' );
    }
 
    $args = func_get_args();
    array_shift( $args );
 
    // If args were passed as an array (as in vsprintf), move them up.
    $passed_as_array = false;
    if ( is_array( $args[0] ) && count( $args ) == 1 ) {
        $passed_as_array = true;
        $args            = $args[0];
    }
 
    foreach ( $args as $arg ) {
        if ( ! is_scalar( $arg ) && ! is_null( $arg ) ) {
            wp_load_translations_early();
            _doing_it_wrong( 'wpdb::prepare', sprintf( __( 'Unsupported value type (%s).' ), gettype( $arg ) ), '4.8.2' );
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * Specify the formatting allowed in a placeholder. The following are allowed:
     *
     * - Sign specifier. eg, $+d
     * - Numbered placeholders. eg, %1$s
     * - Padding specifier, including custom padding characters. eg, %05s, %'#5s
     * - Alignment specifier. eg, %05-s
     * - Precision specifier. eg, %.2f
     */
    $allowed_format = '(?:[1-9][0-9]*[$])?[-+0-9]*(?: |0|\'.)?[-+0-9]*(?:\.[0-9]+)?';
 
    /*
     * If a %s placeholder already has quotes around it, removing the existing quotes and re-inserting them
     * ensures the quotes are consistent.
     *
     * For backwards compatibility, this is only applied to %s, and not to placeholders like %1$s, which are frequently
     * used in the middle of longer strings, or as table name placeholders.
     */
    $query = str_replace( "'%s'", '%s', $query ); // Strip any existing single quotes.
    $query = str_replace( '"%s"', '%s', $query ); // Strip any existing double quotes.
    $query = preg_replace( '/(?<!%)%s/', "'%s'", $query ); // Quote the strings, avoiding escaped strings like %%s.
 
    $query = preg_replace( "/(?<!%)(%($allowed_format)?f)/", '%\\2F', $query ); // Force floats to be locale unaware.
 
    $query = preg_replace( "/%(?:%|$|(?!($allowed_format)?[sdF]))/", '%%\\1', $query ); // Escape any unescaped percents.
 
    // Count the number of valid placeholders in the query.
    $placeholders = preg_match_all( "/(^|[^%]|(%%)+)%($allowed_format)?[sdF]/", $query, $matches );
 
    if ( count( $args ) !== $placeholders ) {
        if ( 1 === $placeholders && $passed_as_array ) {
            // If the passed query only expected one argument, but the wrong number of arguments were sent as an array, bail.
            wp_load_translations_early();
            _doing_it_wrong( 'wpdb::prepare', __( 'The query only expected one placeholder, but an array of multiple placeholders was sent.' ), '4.9.0' );
 
            return;
        } else {
            /*
             * If we don't have the right number of placeholders, but they were passed as individual arguments,
             * or we were expecting multiple arguments in an array, throw a warning.
             */
            wp_load_translations_early();
            _doing_it_wrong(
                'wpdb::prepare',
                /* translators: 1: number of placeholders, 2: number of arguments passed */
                sprintf(
                    __( 'The query does not contain the correct number of placeholders (%1$d) for the number of arguments passed (%2$d).' ),
                    $placeholders,
                    count( $args )
                ),
                '4.8.3'
            );
        }
    }
 
    array_walk( $args, array( $this, 'escape_by_ref' ) );
    $query = @vsprintf( $query, $args );
 
    return $this->add_placeholder_escape( $query );
}

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Changelog Changelog

Changelog
Version	Description
2.3.0	Introduced.

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Uses Uses

Uses
Uses	Description
wp-includes/wp-db.php: wpdb::add_placeholder_escape()	Adds a placeholder escape string, to escape anything that resembles a printf() placeholder.
wp-includes/l10n.php: __()	Retrieve the translation of $text.
wp-includes/load.php: wp_load_translations_early()	Attempt an early load of translations.
wp-includes/functions.php: _doing_it_wrong()	Mark something as being incorrectly called.

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Used By Used By

Used By
Used By	Description
wp-includes/ms-site.php: wp_delete_site()	Deletes a site from the database.
wp-admin/includes/schema.php: populate_network_meta()	Creates WordPress network meta and sets the default values.
wp-admin/includes/schema.php: populate_site_meta()	Creates WordPress site meta and sets the default values.
wp-includes/query.php: _find_post_by_old_slug()	Find the post ID for redirecting an old slug.
wp-includes/query.php: _find_post_by_old_date()	Find the post ID for redirecting an old date.
wp-includes/post.php: wp_delete_attachment_files()	Deletes all files that belong to the given attachment.
wp-admin/includes/user.php: WP_Privacy_Requests_Table::get_request_counts()	Count number of requests for each status.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: has_term_meta()	Get all meta data, including meta IDs, for the given term ID.
wp-includes/option.php: delete_expired_transients()	Deletes all expired transients.
wp-includes/comment.php: wp_check_comment_flood()	Checks whether comment flooding is occurring.
wp-includes/class-wp-term-query.php: WP_Term_Query::get_search_sql()	Used internally to generate a SQL string related to the ‘search’ parameter.
wp-includes/class-wp-term-query.php: WP_Term_Query::get_terms()	Get terms, based on query_vars.
wp-includes/class-wp-network-query.php: WP_Network_Query::get_search_sql()	Used internally to generate an SQL string for searching across multiple columns.
wp-includes/class-wp-network-query.php: WP_Network_Query::get_network_ids()	Used internally to get a list of network IDs matching the query vars.
wp-includes/class-wp-site-query.php: WP_Site_Query::get_search_sql()	Used internally to generate an SQL string for searching across multiple columns.
wp-includes/class-wp-site-query.php: WP_Site_Query::get_site_ids()	Used internally to get a list of site IDs matching the query vars.
wp-admin/includes/export.php: wxr_term_meta()	Output term meta XML tags for a given term object.
wp-includes/class-wp-site.php: WP_Site::get_instance()	Retrieves a site from the database by its ID.
wp-admin/includes/class-wp-upgrader.php: WP_Upgrader::create_lock()	Creates a lock using WordPress options.
wp-includes/class-wp-network.php: WP_Network::get_instance()	Retrieve a network from the database by its ID.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: wp_term_is_shared()	Determine whether a term is shared between multiple taxonomies.
wp-includes/class-wp-comment.php: WP_Comment::get_instance()	Retrieves a WP_Comment instance.
wp-includes/user.php: wp_get_users_with_no_role()	Get the user IDs of all users with no role on this site.
wp-includes/class-wp-comment-query.php: WP_Comment_Query::get_comment_ids()	Used internally to get a list of comment IDs matching the query vars.
wp-includes/class-wp-term.php: WP_Term::get_instance()	Retrieve WP_Term instance.
wp-includes/option.php: delete_network_option()	Removes a network option by name.
wp-includes/option.php: get_network_option()	Retrieve a network’s option value based on the option name.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: _wp_batch_split_terms()	Splits a batch of shared taxonomy terms.
wp-includes/wp-db.php: wpdb::strip_invalid_text()	Strips any invalid characters based on value/charset pairs.
wp-admin/includes/media.php: wp_media_attach_action()	Encapsulate logic for Attach/Detach actions
wp-includes/class-wp-meta-query.php: WP_Meta_Query::get_sql_for_clause()	Generate SQL JOIN and WHERE clauses for a first-order query clause.
wp-includes/class-wp-tax-query.php: WP_Tax_Query::get_sql_for_clause()	Generate SQL JOIN and WHERE clauses for a “first-order” query clause.
wp-includes/date.php: WP_Date_Query::get_sql_for_clause()	Turns a first-order date query into SQL for a WHERE clause.
wp-includes/media.php: attachment_url_to_postid()	Tries to convert an attachment URL into a post ID.
wp-admin/includes/network.php: network_domain_check()	Check for an existing network.
wp-admin/install.php: display_setup_form()	Display installer setup form.
wp-admin/export.php: export_date_options()	Create the date options fields for exporting a given post type.
wp-admin/includes/export.php: export_wp()	Generates the WXR export file for download.
wp-admin/includes/deprecated.php: WP_User_Search::prepare_query()	Prepares the user search query (legacy).
wp-admin/includes/deprecated.php: get_author_user_ids()	Get all user IDs.
wp-admin/includes/deprecated.php: get_editable_user_ids()	Gets the IDs of any users who can edit posts.
wp-admin/includes/deprecated.php: get_nonauthor_user_ids()	Gets all users who are not authors.
wp-admin/includes/deprecated.php: get_others_unpublished_posts()	Retrieves editable posts from other users.
wp-admin/includes/class-wp-list-table.php: WP_List_Table::months_dropdown()	Display a monthly dropdown for filtering items
wp-admin/includes/ms.php: wpmu_delete_user()	Delete a user from the network and remove from all sites.
wp-admin/includes/schema.php: populate_network()	Populate network settings.
wp-admin/includes/schema.php: populate_options()	Create WordPress options and set the default values.
wp-admin/includes/upgrade.php: maybe_create_table()	Creates a table in the database if it doesn’t already exist.
wp-admin/includes/upgrade.php: wp_upgrade()	Runs WordPress Upgrade functions.
wp-admin/includes/upgrade.php: wp_install_defaults()	Creates the initial content for a newly-installed site.
wp-admin/includes/user.php: get_users_drafts()	Retrieve the user’s drafts.
wp-admin/includes/user.php: wp_delete_user()	Remove user and optionally reassign posts and links to another user.
wp-admin/includes/template.php: meta_form()	Prints the form in the Custom Fields meta box.
wp-admin/includes/template.php: parent_dropdown()	Print out option HTML elements for the page parents drop-down.
wp-admin/includes/class-wp-ms-sites-list-table.php: WP_MS_Sites_List_Table::prepare_items()	Prepares the list of sites for display.
wp-admin/includes/media.php: update_gallery_tab()	Adds the gallery tab back to the tabs array if post has image attachments
wp-admin/includes/post.php: has_meta()	Get meta data for the given post ID.
wp-admin/includes/post.php: get_available_post_mime_types()	Get all available post MIME types for a given post type.
wp-admin/includes/post.php: post_exists()	Determine if a post exists based on title, content, and date
wp-admin/includes/class-wp-importer.php: WP_Importer::get_imported_comments()	Set array with imported comments from WordPress database
wp-admin/includes/class-wp-importer.php: WP_Importer::get_imported_posts()	Returns array with imported permalinks from WordPress database
wp-admin/includes/class-wp-importer.php: WP_Importer::count_imported_posts()	Return count of imported permalinks from WordPress database
wp-admin/includes/nav-menu.php: _wp_delete_orphaned_draft_menu_items()	Deletes orphaned draft menu items
wp-admin/includes/comment.php: comment_exists()	Determine if a comment exists based on author and date.
wp-admin/includes/class-wp-posts-list-table.php: WP_Posts_List_Table::__construct()	Constructor.
wp-includes/class-wp-user.php: WP_User::get_data_by()	Return only the main user fields
wp-includes/general-template.php: wp_get_archives()	Display archive links based on type and format.
wp-includes/deprecated.php: delete_usermeta()	Remove user meta data.
wp-includes/deprecated.php: get_usermeta()	Retrieve user metadata.
wp-includes/deprecated.php: update_usermeta()	Update metadata of user.
wp-includes/class-wp-query.php: WP_Query::get_posts()	Retrieves an array of posts based on query variables.
wp-includes/class-wp-query.php: WP_Query::parse_search()	Generates SQL for the WHERE clause based on passed search terms.
wp-includes/class-wp-query.php: WP_Query::parse_search_order()	Generates SQL for the ORDER BY condition based on passed search terms.
wp-includes/functions.php: wp_scheduled_delete()	Permanently delete comments or posts of any type that have held a status of ‘trash’ for the number of days defined in EMPTY_TRASH_DAYS.
wp-includes/functions.php: do_enclose()	Check content for video and audio links to add as enclosures.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: _update_post_term_count()	Will update term count based on object types of the current taxonomy.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: _update_generic_term_count()	Will update term count based on number of objects.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: wp_unique_term_slug()	Will make slug unique, if it isn’t already.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: wp_update_term()	Update term based on arguments provided.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: wp_insert_term()	Add a new term to the database.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: wp_set_object_terms()	Create Term and Taxonomy Relationships.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: wp_remove_object_terms()	Remove term(s) associated with a given object.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: wp_delete_term()	Removes a term from the database.
wp-includes/taxonomy.php: term_exists()	Determines whether a term exists.
wp-includes/link-template.php: get_adjacent_post()	Retrieves the adjacent post.
wp-includes/http.php: ms_allowed_http_request_hosts()	Whitelists any domain in a multisite installation for safe HTTP requests.
wp-includes/date.php: WP_Date_Query::build_time_query()	Builds a query string for comparing time values (hour, minute, second).
wp-includes/option.php: wp_load_core_site_options()	Loads and caches certain often requested site options if is_multisite() and a persistent cache is not being used.
wp-includes/option.php: add_option()	Add a new option.
wp-includes/option.php: delete_option()	Removes option by name. Prevents removal of protected WordPress options.
wp-includes/option.php: get_option()	Retrieves an option value based on an option name.
wp-includes/class-wp-user-query.php: WP_User_Query::prepare_query()	Prepare the query variables.
wp-includes/class-wp-user-query.php: WP_User_Query::get_search_sql()	Used internally to generate an SQL string for searching across multiple columns
wp-includes/user.php: check_password_reset_key()	Retrieves a user row based on password reset key and login
wp-includes/user.php: wp_insert_user()	Insert a user into the database.
wp-includes/user.php: count_users()	Count number of users who have each of the user roles.
wp-includes/media.php: wp_enqueue_media()	Enqueues all scripts, styles, settings, and templates necessary to use all media JS APIs.
wp-includes/class-wp-post.php: WP_Post::get_instance()	Retrieve WP_Post instance.
wp-includes/post.php: get_posts_by_author_sql()	Retrieve the post SQL based on capability, author, and type.
wp-includes/post.php: wp_delete_attachment()	Trash or delete an attachment.
wp-includes/post.php: get_page_by_title()	Retrieve a page given its title.
wp-includes/post.php: get_pages()	Retrieve a list of pages (or hierarchical post type items).
wp-includes/post.php: wp_unique_post_slug()	Computes a unique slug for the post, when given the desired slug and some post details.
wp-includes/post.php: wp_untrash_post_comments()	Restore comments for a post from the trash.
wp-includes/post.php: wp_insert_post()	Insert or update a post.
wp-includes/post.php: wp_delete_post()	Trash or delete a post or page.
wp-includes/post.php: wp_trash_post_comments()	Moves comments for a post to the trash.
wp-includes/post.php: wp_count_posts()	Count number of posts of a post type and if user has permissions to view.
wp-includes/class-wp-rewrite.php: WP_Rewrite::page_uri_index()	Retrieves all page and attachments for pages URIs.
wp-includes/canonical.php: redirect_canonical()	Redirects incoming links to the proper URL based on the site url.
wp-includes/canonical.php: redirect_guess_404_permalink()	Attempts to guess the correct URL based on query vars
wp-includes/revision.php: _wp_upgrade_revisions_of_post()	Upgrade the revisions author, add the current post as a revision and set the revisions version to 1
wp-includes/ms-functions.php: get_most_recent_post_of_user()	Get a user’s most recent post.
wp-includes/ms-functions.php: global_terms()	Maintains a canonical list of terms by syncing terms created for each blog with the global terms table.
wp-includes/ms-functions.php: wpmu_activate_signup()	Activate a signup.
wp-includes/ms-functions.php: wpmu_validate_user_signup()	Sanitize and validate data required for a user sign-up.
wp-includes/ms-functions.php: wpmu_validate_blog_signup()	Processes new site registrations.
wp-includes/ms-deprecated.php: get_admin_users_for_domain()	Get the admin for a domain/path combination.
wp-includes/ms-functions.php: remove_user_from_blog()	Remove a user from a blog.
wp-includes/ms-load.php: ms_not_installed()	Displays a failure message.
wp-includes/bookmark.php: get_bookmark()	Retrieve Bookmark data
wp-includes/bookmark.php: get_bookmarks()	Retrieves the list of bookmarks
wp-includes/ms-deprecated.php: get_blog_list()	Deprecated functionality to retrieve a list of all sites.
wp-includes/ms-blogs.php: get_blog_status()	Get a blog details field.
wp-includes/ms-blogs.php: get_last_updated()	Get a list of most recently updated blogs.
wp-includes/ms-blogs.php: get_blog_details()	Retrieve the details for a blog from the blogs table and blog options.
wp-includes/class-wp-xmlrpc-server.php: wp_xmlrpc_server::mt_getTrackbackPings()	Retrieve trackbacks sent to a given post.
wp-includes/class-wp-xmlrpc-server.php: wp_xmlrpc_server::pingback_ping()	Retrieves a pingback and registers it.
wp-includes/class-wp-xmlrpc-server.php: wp_xmlrpc_server::pingback_extensions_getPingbacks()	Retrieve array of URLs that pingbacked the given URL.
wp-includes/wp-db.php: wpdb::_insert_replace_helper()	Helper function for insert and replace.
wp-includes/wp-db.php: wpdb::update()	Update a row in the table
wp-includes/wp-db.php: wpdb::delete()	Delete a row in the table
wp-includes/wp-db.php: wpdb::set_charset()	Sets the connection’s character set.
wp-includes/comment.php: trackback()	Send a Trackback.
wp-includes/class-wp-comment-query.php: WP_Comment_Query::get_search_sql()	Used internally to generate an SQL string for searching across multiple columns
wp-includes/comment.php: wp_update_comment_count_now()	Updates the comment count for the post.
wp-includes/comment.php: do_trackbacks()	Perform trackbacks.
wp-includes/comment.php: wp_delete_comment()	Trashes or deletes a comment.
wp-includes/comment.php: get_lastcommentmodified()	The date the last comment was modified.
wp-includes/comment.php: get_comment_count()	The amount of comments in a post or total comments.
wp-includes/comment.php: wp_allow_comment()	Validates whether this comment is allowed to be made.
wp-includes/comment.php: check_comment()	Check whether a comment passes internal checks to be allowed to add.
wp-includes/meta.php: delete_metadata()	Delete metadata for the specified object.
wp-includes/meta.php: get_metadata_by_mid()	Get meta data by meta ID
wp-includes/meta.php: add_metadata()	Add metadata for the specified object.
wp-includes/meta.php: update_metadata()	Update metadata for the specified object. If no value already exists for the specified object ID and metadata key, the metadata will be added.

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User Contributed Notes User Contributed Notes

Contributed by Ian Dunn — 3 years ago

prepare() is often called with each un-sanitized value explicitly passed as an individual argument; for example:

$wpdb->prepare( "SELECT id FROM wp_posts WHERE id > %d AND `post_status` = %s", $min_id, $status )

The function will also accept an array of un-sanitized values, though, like this:

$wpdb->prepare( "SELECT id FROM wp_posts WHERE id > %d AND `post_status` = %s", array( $min_id, $status ) )

That can be useful in certain circumstances, like when you have a multi-dimensional array where each sub-array contains a different number of items, and so you need to build the placeholders dynamically:

foreach ( $new_status_post_id_map as $new_status => $wordcamp_ids ) {
    $wordcamp_id_placeholders = implode( ', ', array_fill( 0, count( $wordcamp_ids ), '%d' ) );
    $prepare_values           = array_merge( array( $new_status ), $wordcamp_ids );
 
    $wpdb->query( $wpdb->prepare( "
        UPDATE `$table_name`
        SET `post_status` = %s
        WHERE ID IN ( $wordcamp_id_placeholders )",
        $prepare_values
    ) );
}

So if a sub-array has 2 items, then $wordcamp_id_placeholders will be '%d, %d', and if the next array has 4 items, then its placeholder string would be '%d, %d, %d, %d'.

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Contributed by martinkolle — 2 years ago

Reply to https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/classes/wpdb/prepare/#comment-2240
Tablename should not be defined like this, because if the prefix is changed or used in a plugin, it will not work on all sites. The proper way is:

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$table_name = "{$wpdb->prefix}myTable";
$myID = 12;

$wpdb->query( $wpdb->prepare( "UPDATE `$table_name` SET `your_column_1` = 1 WHERE `$table_name`.`your_column_id` = %d", $myID ) );

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Contributed by macbookandrew — 6 months ago

Argument swapping is not supported in the sense that you can not reuse the same argument several times in a prepare statement.

For example, this does not work but throws an error because the number of placeholders does not match the number of arguments passed:

// Does NOT work due to not enough arguments being passed.
$wpdb->prepare(
    "SELECT * FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE `post_date` > %1$s AND `post_title` LIKE %2$s OR `post_content` LIKE %2$s",
    $post_date,
    $search_string
);

Instead, you need to pass each argument individually:

// Pass each argument for every time you need it.
$wpdb->prepare(
    "SELECT * FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE `post_date` > %1$s AND `post_title` LIKE %2$s OR `post_content` LIKE %3$s",
    $post_date,
    $search_string,
    $search_string
);

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Contributed by wpfanatico.com — 2 years ago

Example: Simple update with prepare (one parameter)

CASE: Update a column value Where ID column = 12

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$table_name='myTable';

$myID=12;

$wpdb->query($wpdb->prepare("UPDATE `$table_name` SET `your_column_1` = 1 WHERE `$table_name`.`your_column_id` = %d", $myID));

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WordPress.org

Code Reference

wpdb::prepare( string $query, array|mixed $args )

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Parameters Parameters

Return Return

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WordPress.org

wpdb::prepare( string $query, array|mixed $args )

Contents

Description #Description

Parameters #Parameters

Return #Return

Source #Source

Changelog #Changelog

Related #Related

Uses #Uses

Used By #Used By

User Contributed Notes #User Contributed Notes

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