Client Reference

Client Session

Client session is the recommended interface for making HTTP requests.

Session encapsulates a connection pool (connector instance) and supports keepalives by default. Unless you are connecting to a large, unknown number of different servers over the lifetime of your application, it is suggested you use a single session for the lifetime of your application to benefit from connection pooling.

Usage example:

import aiohttp
import asyncio

async def fetch(client):
    async with client.get('http://python.org') as resp:
        assert resp.status == 200
        return await resp.text()

async def main():
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as client:
        html = await fetch(client)
        print(html)

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

The client session supports the context manager protocol for self closing.

class aiohttp.ClientSession(*, connector=None, loop=None, cookies=None, headers=None, skip_auto_headers=None, auth=None, json_serialize=json.dumps, version=aiohttp.HttpVersion11, cookie_jar=None, read_timeout=None, conn_timeout=None, timeout=sentinel, raise_for_status=False, connector_owner=True, auto_decompress=True, proxies=None)

The class for creating client sessions and making requests.

Parameters:
  • connector (aiohttp.connector.BaseConnector) – BaseConnector sub-class instance to support connection pooling.
  • loop

    event loop used for processing HTTP requests.

    If loop is None the constructor borrows it from connector if specified.

    asyncio.get_event_loop() is used for getting default event loop otherwise.

    Deprecated since version 2.0.

  • cookies (dict) – Cookies to send with the request (optional)
  • headers

    HTTP Headers to send with every request (optional).

    May be either iterable of key-value pairs or Mapping (e.g. dict, CIMultiDict).

  • skip_auto_headers

    set of headers for which autogeneration should be skipped.

    aiohttp autogenerates headers like User-Agent or Content-Type if these headers are not explicitly passed. Using skip_auto_headers parameter allows to skip that generation. Note that Content-Length autogeneration can’t be skipped.

    Iterable of str or istr (optional)

  • auth (aiohttp.BasicAuth) – an object that represents HTTP Basic Authorization (optional)
  • version – supported HTTP version, HTTP 1.1 by default.
  • cookie_jar

    Cookie Jar, AbstractCookieJar instance.

    By default every session instance has own private cookie jar for automatic cookies processing but user may redefine this behavior by providing own jar implementation.

    One example is not processing cookies at all when working in proxy mode.

    If no cookie processing is needed, a aiohttp.DummyCookieJar instance can be provided.

  • json_serialize (callable) –

    Json serializer callable.

    By default json.dumps() function.

  • raise_for_status (bool) –

    Automatically call ClientResponse.raise_for_status() for each response, False by default.

    This parameter can be overridden when you making a request, e.g.:

    client_session = aiohttp.ClientSession(raise_for_status=True)
    resp = await client_session.get(url, raise_for_status=False)
    async with resp:
        assert resp.status == 200
    

    Set the parameter to True if you need raise_for_status for most of cases but override raise_for_status for those requests where you need to handle responses with status 400 or higher.

  • timeout
    a ClientTimeout settings structure, 5min
    total timeout by default.

    New in version 3.3.

  • read_timeout (float) –

    Request operations timeout. read_timeout is cumulative for all request operations (request, redirects, responses, data consuming). By default, the read timeout is 5*60 seconds. Use None or 0 to disable timeout checks.

    Deprecated since version 3.3: Use timeout parameter instead.

  • conn_timeout (float) –

    timeout for connection establishing (optional). Values 0 or None mean no timeout.

    Deprecated since version 3.3: Use timeout parameter instead.

  • connector_owner (bool) –

    Close connector instance on session closing.

    Setting the parameter to False allows to share connection pool between sessions without sharing session state: cookies etc.

  • auto_decompress (bool) –
    Automatically decompress response body,
    True by default

    New in version 2.3.

  • trust_env (bool) –

    Get proxies information from HTTP_PROXY / HTTPS_PROXY environment variables if the parameter is True (False by default).

    Get proxy credentials from ~/.netrc file if present.

    New in version 2.3.

    Changed in version 3.0: Added support for ~/.netrc file.

closed

True if the session has been closed, False otherwise.

A read-only property.

connector
aiohttp.connector.BaseConnector derived instance used

for the session.

A read-only property.

cookie_jar

The session cookies, AbstractCookieJar instance.

Gives access to cookie jar’s content and modifiers.

A read-only property.

requote_redirect_url

aiohttp re quote’s redirect urls by default, but some servers require exact url from location header. To disable re-quote system set requote_redirect_url attribute to False.

New in version 2.1.

Note

This parameter affects all subsequent requests.

loop

A loop instance used for session creation.

A read-only property.

coroutine async-with request(method, url, *, params=None, data=None, json=None, headers=None, skip_auto_headers=None, auth=None, allow_redirects=True, max_redirects=10, compress=None, chunked=None, expect100=False, raise_for_status=None, read_until_eof=True, proxy=None, proxy_auth=None, timeout=sentinel, ssl=None, verify_ssl=None, fingerprint=None, ssl_context=None, proxy_headers=None)

Performs an asynchronous HTTP request. Returns a response object.

Parameters:
  • method (str) – HTTP method
  • url – Request URL, str or URL.
  • params

    Mapping, iterable of tuple of key/value pairs or string to be sent as parameters in the query string of the new request. Ignored for subsequent redirected requests (optional)

    Allowed values are:

  • data – Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the request (optional)
  • json – Any json compatible python object (optional). json and data parameters could not be used at the same time.
  • headers (dict) – HTTP Headers to send with the request (optional)
  • skip_auto_headers

    set of headers for which autogeneration should be skipped.

    aiohttp autogenerates headers like User-Agent or Content-Type if these headers are not explicitly passed. Using skip_auto_headers parameter allows to skip that generation.

    Iterable of str or istr (optional)

  • auth (aiohttp.BasicAuth) – an object that represents HTTP Basic Authorization (optional)
  • allow_redirects (bool) – If set to False, do not follow redirects. True by default (optional).
  • max_redirects (int) – Maximum number of redirects to follow. 10 by default.
  • compress (bool) – Set to True if request has to be compressed with deflate encoding. If compress can not be combined with a Content-Encoding and Content-Length headers. None by default (optional).
  • chunked (int) – Enable chunked transfer encoding. It is up to the developer to decide how to chunk data streams. If chunking is enabled, aiohttp encodes the provided chunks in the “Transfer-encoding: chunked” format. If chunked is set, then the Transfer-encoding and content-length headers are disallowed. None by default (optional).
  • expect100 (bool) – Expect 100-continue response from server. False by default (optional).
  • raise_for_status (bool) –
    Automatically call ClientResponse.raise_for_status() for
    response if set to True. If set to None value from ClientSession will be used. None by default (optional).

    New in version 3.4.

  • read_until_eof (bool) – Read response until EOF if response does not have Content-Length header. True by default (optional).
  • proxy – Proxy URL, str or URL (optional)
  • proxy_auth (aiohttp.BasicAuth) – an object that represents proxy HTTP Basic Authorization (optional)
  • timeout (int) –

    override the session’s timeout.

    Changed in version 3.3: The parameter is ClientTimeout instance, float is still supported for sake of backward compatibility.

    If float is passed it is a total timeout.

  • ssl
    SSL validation mode. None for default SSL check
    (ssl.create_default_context() is used), False for skip SSL certificate validation, aiohttp.Fingerprint for fingerprint validation, ssl.SSLContext for custom SSL certificate validation.

    Supersedes verify_ssl, ssl_context and fingerprint parameters.

    New in version 3.0.

  • verify_ssl (bool) –

    Perform SSL certificate validation for HTTPS requests (enabled by default). May be disabled to skip validation for sites with invalid certificates.

    New in version 2.3.

    Deprecated since version 3.0: Use ssl=False

  • fingerprint (bytes) –

    Pass the SHA256 digest of the expected certificate in DER format to verify that the certificate the server presents matches. Useful for certificate pinning.

    Warning: use of MD5 or SHA1 digests is insecure and removed.

    New in version 2.3.

    Deprecated since version 3.0: Use ssl=aiohttp.Fingerprint(digest)

  • ssl_context (ssl.SSLContext) –

    ssl context used for processing HTTPS requests (optional).

    ssl_context may be used for configuring certification authority channel, supported SSL options etc.

    New in version 2.3.

    Deprecated since version 3.0: Use ssl=ssl_context

  • proxy_headers (abc.Mapping) –

    HTTP headers to send to the proxy if the parameter proxy has been provided.

    New in version 2.3.

  • trace_request_ctx

    Object used to give as a kw param for each new TraceConfig object instantiated, used to give information to the tracers that is only available at request time.

    New in version 3.0.

Return ClientResponse:
 

a client response object.

coroutine async-with get(url, *, allow_redirects=True, **kwargs)

Perform a GET request.

In order to modify inner request parameters, provide kwargs.

Parameters:
  • url – Request URL, str or URL
  • allow_redirects (bool) – If set to False, do not follow redirects. True by default (optional).
Return ClientResponse:
 

a client response object.

coroutine async-with post(url, *, data=None, **kwargs)

Perform a POST request.

In order to modify inner request parameters, provide kwargs.

Parameters:
  • url – Request URL, str or URL
  • data – Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the request (optional)
Return ClientResponse:
 

a client response object.

coroutine async-with put(url, *, data=None, **kwargs)

Perform a PUT request.

In order to modify inner request parameters, provide kwargs.

Parameters:
  • url – Request URL, str or URL
  • data – Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the request (optional)
Return ClientResponse:
 

a client response object.

coroutine async-with delete(url, **kwargs)

Perform a DELETE request.

In order to modify inner request parameters, provide kwargs.

Parameters:url – Request URL, str or URL
Return ClientResponse:
 a client response object.
coroutine async-with head(url, *, allow_redirects=False, **kwargs)

Perform a HEAD request.

In order to modify inner request parameters, provide kwargs.

Parameters:
  • url – Request URL, str or URL
  • allow_redirects (bool) – If set to False, do not follow redirects. False by default (optional).
Return ClientResponse:
 

a client response object.

coroutine async-with options(url, *, allow_redirects=True, **kwargs)

Perform an OPTIONS request.

In order to modify inner request parameters, provide kwargs.

Parameters:
  • url – Request URL, str or URL
  • allow_redirects (bool) – If set to False, do not follow redirects. True by default (optional).
Return ClientResponse:
 

a client response object.

coroutine async-with patch(url, *, data=None, **kwargs)

Perform a PATCH request.

In order to modify inner request parameters, provide kwargs.

Parameters:
  • url – Request URL, str or URL
  • data – Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the request (optional)
Return ClientResponse:
 

a client response object.

coroutine async-with ws_connect(url, *, protocols=(), timeout=10.0, receive_timeout=None, auth=None, autoclose=True, autoping=True, heartbeat=None, origin=None, headers=None, proxy=None, proxy_auth=None, ssl=None, verify_ssl=None, fingerprint=None, ssl_context=None, proxy_headers=None, compress=0, max_msg_size=4194304)

Create a websocket connection. Returns a ClientWebSocketResponse object.

Parameters:
  • url – Websocket server url, str or URL
  • protocols (tuple) – Websocket protocols
  • timeout (float) – Timeout for websocket to close. 10 seconds by default
  • receive_timeout (float) – Timeout for websocket to receive complete message. None (unlimited) seconds by default
  • auth (aiohttp.BasicAuth) – an object that represents HTTP Basic Authorization (optional)
  • autoclose (bool) – Automatically close websocket connection on close message from server. If autoclose is False then close procedure has to be handled manually. True by default
  • autoping (bool) – automatically send pong on ping message from server. True by default
  • heartbeat (float) – Send ping message every heartbeat seconds and wait pong response, if pong response is not received then close connection. The timer is reset on any data reception.(optional)
  • origin (str) – Origin header to send to server(optional)
  • headers (dict) – HTTP Headers to send with the request (optional)
  • proxy (str) – Proxy URL, str or URL (optional)
  • proxy_auth (aiohttp.BasicAuth) – an object that represents proxy HTTP Basic Authorization (optional)
  • ssl
    SSL validation mode. None for default SSL check
    (ssl.create_default_context() is used), False for skip SSL certificate validation, aiohttp.Fingerprint for fingerprint validation, ssl.SSLContext for custom SSL certificate validation.

    Supersedes verify_ssl, ssl_context and fingerprint parameters.

    New in version 3.0.

  • verify_ssl (bool) –

    Perform SSL certificate validation for HTTPS requests (enabled by default). May be disabled to skip validation for sites with invalid certificates.

    New in version 2.3.

    Deprecated since version 3.0: Use ssl=False

  • fingerprint (bytes) –

    Pass the SHA256 digest of the expected certificate in DER format to verify that the certificate the server presents matches. Useful for certificate pinning.

    Note: use of MD5 or SHA1 digests is insecure and deprecated.

    New in version 2.3.

    Deprecated since version 3.0: Use ssl=aiohttp.Fingerprint(digest)

  • ssl_context (ssl.SSLContext) –

    ssl context used for processing HTTPS requests (optional).

    ssl_context may be used for configuring certification authority channel, supported SSL options etc.

    New in version 2.3.

    Deprecated since version 3.0: Use ssl=ssl_context

  • proxy_headers (dict) –

    HTTP headers to send to the proxy if the parameter proxy has been provided.

    New in version 2.3.

  • compress (int) –
    Enable Per-Message Compress Extension support.
    0 for disable, 9 to 15 for window bit support. Default value is 0.

    New in version 2.3.

  • max_msg_size (int) –
    maximum size of read websocket message,
    4 MB by default. To disable the size limit use 0.

    New in version 3.3.

coroutine close()

Close underlying connector.

Release all acquired resources.

detach()

Detach connector from session without closing the former.

Session is switched to closed state anyway.

Basic API

While we encourage ClientSession usage we also provide simple coroutines for making HTTP requests.

Basic API is good for performing simple HTTP requests without keepaliving, cookies and complex connection stuff like properly configured SSL certification chaining.

coroutine aiohttp.request(method, url, *, params=None, data=None, json=None, headers=None, cookies=None, auth=None, allow_redirects=True, max_redirects=10, encoding='utf-8', version=HttpVersion(major=1, minor=1), compress=None, chunked=None, expect100=False, raise_for_status=None, connector=None, loop=None, read_until_eof=True)
Async-with:

Asynchronous context manager for performing an asynchronous HTTP request. Returns a ClientResponse response object.

Parameters:
  • method (str) – HTTP method
  • url – Requested URL, str or URL
  • params (dict) – Parameters to be sent in the query string of the new request (optional)
  • data – Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the request (optional)
  • json – Any json compatible python object (optional). json and data parameters could not be used at the same time.
  • headers (dict) – HTTP Headers to send with the request (optional)
  • cookies (dict) – Cookies to send with the request (optional)
  • auth (aiohttp.BasicAuth) – an object that represents HTTP Basic Authorization (optional)
  • allow_redirects (bool) – If set to False, do not follow redirects. True by default (optional).
  • version (aiohttp.protocol.HttpVersion) – Request HTTP version (optional)
  • compress (bool) – Set to True if request has to be compressed with deflate encoding. False instructs aiohttp to not compress data. None by default (optional).
  • chunked (int) – Enables chunked transfer encoding. None by default (optional).
  • expect100 (bool) – Expect 100-continue response from server. False by default (optional).
  • raise_for_status (bool) –
    Automatically call
    ClientResponse.raise_for_status() for response if set to True. If set to None value from ClientSession will be used. None by default (optional).

    New in version 3.4.

  • connector (aiohttp.connector.BaseConnector) – BaseConnector sub-class instance to support connection pooling.
  • read_until_eof (bool) – Read response until EOF if response does not have Content-Length header. True by default (optional).
  • loop
    event loop
    used for processing HTTP requests. If param is None, asyncio.get_event_loop() is used for getting default event loop.

    Deprecated since version 2.0.

Return ClientResponse:
 

a client response object.

Usage:

import aiohttp

async def fetch():
    async with aiohttp.request('GET',
            'http://python.org/') as resp:
        assert resp.status == 200
        print(await resp.text())

Connectors

Connectors are transports for aiohttp client API.

There are standard connectors:

  1. TCPConnector for regular TCP sockets (both HTTP and HTTPS schemes supported).
  2. UnixConnector for connecting via UNIX socket (it’s used mostly for testing purposes).

All connector classes should be derived from BaseConnector.

By default all connectors support keep-alive connections (behavior is controlled by force_close constructor’s parameter).

BaseConnector

class aiohttp.BaseConnector(*, keepalive_timeout=15, force_close=False, limit=100, limit_per_host=0, enable_cleanup_closed=False, loop=None)

Base class for all connectors.

Parameters:
  • keepalive_timeout (float) – timeout for connection reusing after releasing (optional). Values 0. For disabling keep-alive feature use force_close=True flag.
  • limit (int) – total number simultaneous connections. If limit is None the connector has no limit (default: 100).
  • limit_per_host (int) – limit simultaneous connections to the same endpoint. Endpoints are the same if they are have equal (host, port, is_ssl) triple. If limit is 0 the connector has no limit (default: 0).
  • force_close (bool) – close underlying sockets after connection releasing (optional).
  • enable_cleanup_closed (bool) – some SSL servers do not properly complete SSL shutdown process, in that case asyncio leaks ssl connections. If this parameter is set to True, aiohttp additionally aborts underlining transport after 2 seconds. It is off by default.
  • loop

    event loop used for handling connections. If param is None, asyncio.get_event_loop() is used for getting default event loop.

    Deprecated since version 2.0.

closed

Read-only property, True if connector is closed.

force_close

Read-only property, True if connector should ultimately close connections on releasing.

limit

The total number for simultaneous connections. If limit is 0 the connector has no limit. The default limit size is 100.

limit_per_host

The limit for simultaneous connections to the same endpoint.

Endpoints are the same if they are have equal (host, port, is_ssl) triple.

If limit_per_host is None the connector has no limit per host.

Read-only property.

close()

Close all opened connections.

coroutine connect(request)

Get a free connection from pool or create new one if connection is absent in the pool.

The call may be paused if limit is exhausted until used connections returns to pool.

Parameters:request (aiohttp.ClientRequest) – request object which is connection initiator.
Returns:Connection object.
coroutine _create_connection(req)

Abstract method for actual connection establishing, should be overridden in subclasses.

TCPConnector

class aiohttp.TCPConnector(*, ssl=None, verify_ssl=True, fingerprint=None, use_dns_cache=True, ttl_dns_cache=10, family=0, ssl_context=None, local_addr=None, resolver=None, keepalive_timeout=sentinel, force_close=False, limit=100, limit_per_host=0, enable_cleanup_closed=False, loop=None)

Connector for working with HTTP and HTTPS via TCP sockets.

The most common transport. When you don’t know what connector type to use, use a TCPConnector instance.

TCPConnector inherits from BaseConnector.

Constructor accepts all parameters suitable for BaseConnector plus several TCP-specific ones:

param ssl:
SSL validation mode. None for default SSL check

(ssl.create_default_context() is used), False for skip SSL certificate validation, aiohttp.Fingerprint for fingerprint validation, ssl.SSLContext for custom SSL certificate validation.

Supersedes verify_ssl, ssl_context and fingerprint parameters.

New in version 3.0.

Parameters:
  • verify_ssl (bool) –

    perform SSL certificate validation for HTTPS requests (enabled by default). May be disabled to skip validation for sites with invalid certificates.

    Deprecated since version 2.3: Pass verify_ssl to ClientSession.get() etc.

  • fingerprint (bytes) –

    pass the SHA256 digest of the expected certificate in DER format to verify that the certificate the server presents matches. Useful for certificate pinning.

    Note: use of MD5 or SHA1 digests is insecure and deprecated.

    Deprecated since version 2.3: Pass verify_ssl to ClientSession.get() etc.

  • use_dns_cache (bool) –

    use internal cache for DNS lookups, True by default.

    Enabling an option may speedup connection establishing a bit but may introduce some side effects also.

  • ttl_dns_cache (int) –

    expire after some seconds the DNS entries, None means cached forever. By default 10 seconds.

    By default DNS entries are cached forever, in some environments the IP addresses related to a specific HOST can change after a specific time. Use this option to keep the DNS cache updated refreshing each entry after N seconds.

  • limit (int) – total number simultaneous connections. If limit is None the connector has no limit (default: 100).
  • limit_per_host (int) – limit simultaneous connections to the same endpoint. Endpoints are the same if they are have equal (host, port, is_ssl) triple. If limit is 0 the connector has no limit (default: 0).
  • resolver (aiohttp.abc.AbstractResolver) –

    custom resolver instance to use. aiohttp.DefaultResolver by default (asynchronous if aiodns>=1.1 is installed).

    Custom resolvers allow to resolve hostnames differently than the way the host is configured.

    The resolver is aiohttp.ThreadedResolver by default, asynchronous version is pretty robust but might fail in very rare cases.

  • family (int) –

    TCP socket family, both IPv4 and IPv6 by default. For IPv4 only use socket.AF_INET, for IPv6 only – socket.AF_INET6.

    family is 0 by default, that means both IPv4 and IPv6 are accepted. To specify only concrete version please pass socket.AF_INET or socket.AF_INET6 explicitly.

  • ssl_context (ssl.SSLContext) –

    SSL context used for processing HTTPS requests (optional).

    ssl_context may be used for configuring certification authority channel, supported SSL options etc.

  • local_addr (tuple) – tuple of (local_host, local_port) used to bind socket locally if specified.
  • force_close (bool) – close underlying sockets after connection releasing (optional).
  • enable_cleanup_closed (bool) – Some ssl servers do not properly complete SSL shutdown process, in that case asyncio leaks SSL connections. If this parameter is set to True, aiohttp additionally aborts underlining transport after 2 seconds. It is off by default.
family

TCP socket family e.g. socket.AF_INET or socket.AF_INET6

Read-only property.

dns_cache

Use quick lookup in internal DNS cache for host names if True.

Read-only bool property.

cached_hosts

The cache of resolved hosts if dns_cache is enabled.

Read-only types.MappingProxyType property.

clear_dns_cache(self, host=None, port=None)

Clear internal DNS cache.

Remove specific entry if both host and port are specified, clear all cache otherwise.

UnixConnector

class aiohttp.UnixConnector(path, *, conn_timeout=None, keepalive_timeout=30, limit=100, force_close=False, loop=None)

Unix socket connector.

Use UnixConnector for sending HTTP/HTTPS requests through UNIX Sockets as underlying transport.

UNIX sockets are handy for writing tests and making very fast connections between processes on the same host.

UnixConnector is inherited from BaseConnector.

Usage:

conn = UnixConnector(path='/path/to/socket')
session = ClientSession(connector=conn)
async with session.get('http://python.org') as resp:
    ...

Constructor accepts all parameters suitable for BaseConnector plus UNIX-specific one:

Parameters:path (str) – Unix socket path
path

Path to UNIX socket, read-only str property.

Connection

class aiohttp.Connection

Encapsulates single connection in connector object.

End user should never create Connection instances manually but get it by BaseConnector.connect() coroutine.

closed

bool read-only property, True if connection was closed, released or detached.

loop

Event loop used for connection

transport

Connection transport

close()

Close connection with forcibly closing underlying socket.

release()

Release connection back to connector.

Underlying socket is not closed, the connection may be reused later if timeout (30 seconds by default) for connection was not expired.

detach()

Detach underlying socket from connection.

Underlying socket is not closed, next close() or release() calls don’t return socket to free pool.

Response object

class aiohttp.ClientResponse

Client response returned be ClientSession.request() and family.

User never creates the instance of ClientResponse class but gets it from API calls.

ClientResponse supports async context manager protocol, e.g.:

resp = await client_session.get(url)
async with resp:
    assert resp.status == 200

After exiting from async with block response object will be released (see release() coroutine).

version

Response’s version, HttpVersion instance.

status

HTTP status code of response (int), e.g. 200.

reason

HTTP status reason of response (str), e.g. "OK".

method

Request’s method (str).

url

URL of request (URL).

real_url

Unmodified URL of request (URL).

New in version 3.2.

connection

Connection used for handling response.

content

Payload stream, which contains response’s BODY (StreamReader). It supports various reading methods depending on the expected format. When chunked transfer encoding is used by the server, allows retrieving the actual http chunks.

Reading from the stream may raise aiohttp.ClientPayloadError if the response object is closed before response receives all data or in case if any transfer encoding related errors like misformed chunked encoding of broken compression data.

cookies

HTTP cookies of response (Set-Cookie HTTP header, SimpleCookie).

headers

A case-insensitive multidict proxy with HTTP headers of response, CIMultiDictProxy.

raw_headers

Unmodified HTTP headers of response as unconverted bytes, a sequence of (key, value) pairs.

Link HTTP header parsed into a MultiDictProxy.

For each link, key is link param rel when it exists, or link url as str otherwise, and value is MultiDictProxy of link params and url at key url as URL instance.

New in version 3.2.

content_type

Read-only property with content part of Content-Type header.

Note

Returns value is 'application/octet-stream' if no Content-Type header present in HTTP headers according to RFC 2616. To make sure Content-Type header is not present in the server reply, use headers or raw_headers, e.g. 'CONTENT-TYPE' not in resp.headers.

charset

Read-only property that specifies the encoding for the request’s BODY.

The value is parsed from the Content-Type HTTP header.

Returns str like 'utf-8' or None if no Content-Type header present in HTTP headers or it has no charset information.

content_disposition

Read-only property that specified the Content-Disposition HTTP header.

Instance of ContentDisposition or None if no Content-Disposition header present in HTTP headers.

history

A Sequence of ClientResponse objects of preceding requests (earliest request first) if there were redirects, an empty sequence otherwise.

close()

Close response and underlying connection.

For keep-alive support see release().

coroutine read()

Read the whole response’s body as bytes.

Close underlying connection if data reading gets an error, release connection otherwise.

Raise an aiohttp.ClientResponseError if the data can’t be read.

Return bytes:read BODY.

See also

close(), release().

coroutine release()

It is not required to call release on the response object. When the client fully receives the payload, the underlying connection automatically returns back to pool. If the payload is not fully read, the connection is closed

raise_for_status()

Raise an aiohttp.ClientResponseError if the response status is 400 or higher.

Do nothing for success responses (less than 400).

coroutine text(encoding=None)

Read response’s body and return decoded str using specified encoding parameter.

If encoding is None content encoding is autocalculated using Content-Type HTTP header and chardet tool if the header is not provided by server.

cchardet is used with fallback to chardet if cchardet is not available.

Close underlying connection if data reading gets an error, release connection otherwise.

Parameters:encoding (str) – text encoding used for BODY decoding, or None for encoding autodetection (default).
Return str:decoded BODY
Raises:LookupError – if the encoding detected by chardet or cchardet is unknown by Python (e.g. VISCII).

Note

If response has no charset info in Content-Type HTTP header cchardet / chardet is used for content encoding autodetection.

It may hurt performance. If page encoding is known passing explicit encoding parameter might help:

await resp.text('ISO-8859-1')
coroutine json(*, encoding=None, loads=json.loads, content_type='application/json')

Read response’s body as JSON, return dict using specified encoding and loader. If data is not still available a read call will be done,

If encoding is None content encoding is autocalculated using cchardet or chardet as fallback if cchardet is not available.

if response’s content-type does not match content_type parameter aiohttp.ContentTypeError get raised. To disable content type check pass None value.

Parameters:
  • encoding (str) –

    text encoding used for BODY decoding, or None for encoding autodetection (default).

    By the standard JSON encoding should be UTF-8 but practice beats purity: some servers return non-UTF responses. Autodetection works pretty fine anyway.

  • loads (callable) – callable() used for loading JSON data, json.loads() by default.
  • content_type (str) – specify response’s content-type, if content type does not match raise aiohttp.ClientResponseError. To disable content-type check, pass None as value. (default: application/json).
Returns:

BODY as JSON data parsed by loads parameter or None if BODY is empty or contains white-spaces only.

request_info

A namedtuple with request URL and headers from ClientRequest object, aiohttp.RequestInfo instance.

get_encoding()

Automatically detect content encoding using charset info in Content-Type HTTP header. If this info is not exists or there are no appropriate codecs for encoding then cchardet / chardet is used.

Beware that it is not always safe to use the result of this function to decode a response. Some encodings detected by cchardet are not known by Python (e.g. VISCII).

New in version 3.0.

ClientWebSocketResponse

To connect to a websocket server aiohttp.ws_connect() or aiohttp.ClientSession.ws_connect() coroutines should be used, do not create an instance of class ClientWebSocketResponse manually.

class aiohttp.ClientWebSocketResponse

Class for handling client-side websockets.

closed

Read-only property, True if close() has been called or CLOSE message has been received from peer.

protocol

Websocket subprotocol chosen after start() call.

May be None if server and client protocols are not overlapping.

get_extra_info(name, default=None)

Reads extra info from connection’s transport

exception()

Returns exception if any occurs or returns None.

coroutine ping(message=b'')

Send PING to peer.

Parameters:message – optional payload of ping message, str (converted to UTF-8 encoded bytes) or bytes.

Changed in version 3.0: The method is converted into coroutine

coroutine pong(message=b'')

Send PONG to peer.

Parameters:message – optional payload of pong message, str (converted to UTF-8 encoded bytes) or bytes.

Changed in version 3.0: The method is converted into coroutine

coroutine send_str(data, compress=None)

Send data to peer as TEXT message.

Parameters:
  • data (str) – data to send.
  • compress (int) – sets specific level of compression for single message, None for not overriding per-socket setting.
Raises:

TypeError – if data is not str

Changed in version 3.0: The method is converted into coroutine, compress parameter added.

coroutine send_bytes(data, compress=None)

Send data to peer as BINARY message.

Parameters:
  • data – data to send.
  • compress (int) – sets specific level of compression for single message, None for not overriding per-socket setting.
Raises:

TypeError – if data is not bytes, bytearray or memoryview.

Changed in version 3.0: The method is converted into coroutine, compress parameter added.

coroutine send_json(data, compress=None, *, dumps=json.dumps)

Send data to peer as JSON string.

Parameters:
  • data – data to send.
  • compress (int) – sets specific level of compression for single message, None for not overriding per-socket setting.
  • dumps (callable) – any callable that accepts an object and returns a JSON string (json.dumps() by default).
Raises:

Changed in version 3.0: The method is converted into coroutine, compress parameter added.

coroutine close(*, code=1000, message=b'')

A coroutine that initiates closing handshake by sending CLOSE message. It waits for close response from server. To add a timeout to close() call just wrap the call with asyncio.wait() or asyncio.wait_for().

Parameters:
  • code (int) – closing code
  • message – optional payload of pong message, str (converted to UTF-8 encoded bytes) or bytes.
coroutine receive()

A coroutine that waits upcoming data message from peer and returns it.

The coroutine implicitly handles PING, PONG and CLOSE without returning the message.

It process ping-pong game and performs closing handshake internally.

Returns:WSMessage
coroutine receive_str()

A coroutine that calls receive() but also asserts the message type is TEXT.

Return str:peer’s message content.
Raises:TypeError – if message is BINARY.
coroutine receive_bytes()

A coroutine that calls receive() but also asserts the message type is BINARY.

Return bytes:peer’s message content.
Raises:TypeError – if message is TEXT.
coroutine receive_json(*, loads=json.loads)

A coroutine that calls receive_str() and loads the JSON string to a Python dict.

Parameters:

loads (callable) – any callable that accepts str and returns dict with parsed JSON (json.loads() by default).

Return dict:

loaded JSON content

Raises:

Utilities

ClientTimeout

class aiohttp.ClientTimeout(*, total=None, connect=None, sock_connect, sock_read=None)

A data class for client timeout settings.

See Timeouts for usage examples.

total

Total timeout for the whole request.

float, None by default.

connect

Total timeout for acquiring a connection from pool. The time consists connection establishment for a new connection or waiting for a free connection from a pool if pool connection limits are exceeded.

For pure socket connection establishment time use sock_connect.

float, None by default.

sock_connect

A timeout for connecting to a peer for a new connection, not given from a pool. See also connect.

float, None by default.

sock_read

A timeout for reading a portion of data from a peer.

float, None by default.

New in version 3.3.

RequestInfo

class aiohttp.RequestInfo

A data class with request URL and headers from ClientRequest object, available as ClientResponse.request_info attribute.

url

Requested url, yarl.URL instance.

method

Request HTTP method like 'GET' or 'POST', str.

headers

HTTP headers for request, multidict.CIMultiDict instance.

real_url

Requested url with URL fragment unstripped, yarl.URL instance.

New in version 3.2.

BasicAuth

class aiohttp.BasicAuth(login, password='', encoding='latin1')

HTTP basic authentication helper.

Parameters:
  • login (str) – login
  • password (str) – password
  • encoding (str) – encoding ('latin1' by default)

Should be used for specifying authorization data in client API, e.g. auth parameter for ClientSession.request().

classmethod decode(auth_header, encoding='latin1')

Decode HTTP basic authentication credentials.

Parameters:
  • auth_header (str) – The Authorization header to decode.
  • encoding (str) – (optional) encoding (‘latin1’ by default)
Returns:

decoded authentication data, BasicAuth.

classmethod from_url(url)

Constructed credentials info from url’s user and password parts.

Returns:credentials data, BasicAuth or None is credentials are not provided.

New in version 2.3.

encode()

Encode credentials into string suitable for Authorization header etc.

Returns:encoded authentication data, str.

CookieJar

class aiohttp.CookieJar(*, unsafe=False, loop=None)

The cookie jar instance is available as ClientSession.cookie_jar.

The jar contains Morsel items for storing internal cookie data.

API provides a count of saved cookies:

len(session.cookie_jar)

These cookies may be iterated over:

for cookie in session.cookie_jar:
    print(cookie.key)
    print(cookie["domain"])

The class implements collections.abc.Iterable, collections.abc.Sized and aiohttp.AbstractCookieJar interfaces.

Implements cookie storage adhering to RFC 6265.

Parameters:
update_cookies(cookies, response_url=None)

Update cookies returned by server in Set-Cookie header.

Parameters:
  • cookies – a collections.abc.Mapping (e.g. dict, SimpleCookie) or iterable of pairs with cookies returned by server’s response.
  • response_url (str) – URL of response, None for shared cookies. Regular cookies are coupled with server’s URL and are sent only to this server, shared ones are sent in every client request.
filter_cookies(request_url)

Return jar’s cookies acceptable for URL and available in Cookie header for sending client requests for given URL.

Parameters:response_url (str) – request’s URL for which cookies are asked.
Returns:http.cookies.SimpleCookie with filtered cookies for given URL.
save(file_path)

Write a pickled representation of cookies into the file at provided path.

Parameters:file_path – Path to file where cookies will be serialized, str or pathlib.Path instance.
load(file_path)

Load a pickled representation of cookies from the file at provided path.

Parameters:file_path – Path to file from where cookies will be imported, str or pathlib.Path instance.
class aiohttp.DummyCookieJar(*, loop=None)

Dummy cookie jar which does not store cookies but ignores them.

Could be useful e.g. for web crawlers to iterate over Internet without blowing up with saved cookies information.

To install dummy cookie jar pass it into session instance:

jar = aiohttp.DummyCookieJar()
session = aiohttp.ClientSession(cookie_jar=DummyCookieJar())
class aiohttp.Fingerprint(digest)

Fingerprint helper for checking SSL certificates by SHA256 digest.

Parameters:digest (bytes) – SHA256 digest for certificate in DER-encoded binary form (see ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert()).

To check fingerprint pass the object into ClientSession.get() call, e.g.:

import hashlib

with open(path_to_cert, 'rb') as f:
    digest = hashlib.sha256(f.read()).digest()

await session.get(url, ssl=aiohttp.Fingerprint(digest))

New in version 3.0.

Client exceptions

Exception hierarchy has been significantly modified in version 2.0. aiohttp defines only exceptions that covers connection handling and server response misbehaviors. For developer specific mistakes, aiohttp uses python standard exceptions like ValueError or TypeError.

Reading a response content may raise a ClientPayloadError exception. This exception indicates errors specific to the payload encoding. Such as invalid compressed data, malformed chunked-encoded chunks or not enough data that satisfy the content-length header.

All exceptions are available as members of aiohttp module.

exception aiohttp.ClientError

Base class for all client specific exceptions.

Derived from Exception

class aiohttp.ClientPayloadError

This exception can only be raised while reading the response payload if one of these errors occurs:

  1. invalid compression
  2. malformed chunked encoding
  3. not enough data that satisfy Content-Length HTTP header.

Derived from ClientError

exception aiohttp.InvalidURL

URL used for fetching is malformed, e.g. it does not contain host part.

Derived from ClientError and ValueError

url

Invalid URL, yarl.URL instance.

class aiohttp.ContentDisposition

Represent Content-Disposition header

value

A str instance. Value of Content-Disposition header itself, e.g. attachment.

filename

A str instance. Content filename extracted from parameters. May be None.

parameters

Read-only mapping contains all parameters.

Response errors

exception aiohttp.ClientResponseError

These exceptions could happen after we get response from server.

Derived from ClientError

request_info

Instance of RequestInfo object, contains information about request.

status

HTTP status code of response (int), e.g. 400.

message

Message of response (str), e.g. "OK".

headers

Headers in response, a list of pairs.

history

History from failed response, if available, else empty tuple.

A tuple of ClientResponse objects used for handle redirection responses.

code

HTTP status code of response (int), e.g. 400.

Deprecated since version 3.1.

class aiohttp.WSServerHandshakeError

Web socket server response error.

Derived from ClientResponseError

class aiohttp.WSServerHandshakeError

Web socket server response error.

Derived from ClientResponseError

class aiohttp.ContentTypeError

Invalid content type.

Derived from ClientResponseError

New in version 2.3.

class aiohttp.TooManyRedirects

Client was redirected too many times.

Maximum number of redirects can be configured by using parameter max_redirects in request.

Derived from ClientResponseError

New in version 3.2.

Connection errors

class aiohttp.ClientConnectionError

These exceptions related to low-level connection problems.

Derived from ClientError

class aiohttp.ClientOSError

Subset of connection errors that are initiated by an OSError exception.

Derived from ClientConnectionError and OSError

class aiohttp.ClientConnectorError

Connector related exceptions.

Derived from ClientOSError

class aiohttp.ClientProxyConnectionError

Derived from ClientConnectorError

class aiohttp.ServerConnectionError

Derived from ClientConnectionError

class aiohttp.ClientSSLError

Derived from ClientConnectorError

class aiohttp.ClientConnectorSSLError

Response ssl error.

Derived from ClientSSLError and ssl.SSLError

class aiohttp.ClientConnectorCertificateError

Response certificate error.

Derived from ClientSSLError and ssl.CertificateError

class aiohttp.ServerDisconnectedError

Server disconnected.

Derived from ServerDisconnectionError

message

Partially parsed HTTP message (optional).

class aiohttp.ServerTimeoutError

Server operation timeout: read timeout, etc.

Derived from ServerConnectionError and asyncio.TimeoutError

class aiohttp.ServerFingerprintMismatch

Server fingerprint mismatch.

Derived from ServerConnectionError