`pwnlib.util.packing` — Packing and unpacking of strings¶

Module for packing and unpacking integers.

Simplifies access to the standard struct.pack and struct.unpack functions, and also adds support for packing/unpacking arbitrary-width integers.

The packers are all context-aware for endian and signed arguments, though they can be overridden in the parameters.

Examples

>>> p8(0)
'\x00'
>>> p32(0xdeadbeef)
'\xef\xbe\xad\xde'
>>> p32(0xdeadbeef, endian='big')
'\xde\xad\xbe\xef'
>>> with context.local(endian='big'): p32(0xdeadbeef)
'\xde\xad\xbe\xef'

Make a frozen packer, which does not change with context.

>>> p=make_packer('all')
>>> p(0xff)
'\xff'
>>> p(0x1ff)
'\xff\x01'
>>> with context.local(endian='big'): print repr(p(0x1ff))
'\xff\x01'

pwnlib.util.packing.dd(dst, src, count = 0, skip = 0, seek = 0, truncate = False) → dst[source]¶

Inspired by the command line tool dd, this function copies count byte values from offset seek in src to offset skip in dst. If count is 0, all of src[seek:] is copied.

If dst is a mutable type it will be updated. Otherwise a new instance of the same type will be created. In either case the result is returned.

src can be an iterable of characters or integers, a unicode string or a file object. If it is an iterable of integers, each integer must be in the range [0;255]. If it is a unicode string, its UTF-8 encoding will be used.

The seek offset of file objects will be preserved.

Parameters:

dst – Supported types are :class:file, :class:list, :class:tuple, :class:str, :class:bytearray and :class:unicode.
src – An iterable of byte values (characters or integers), a unicode string or a file object.
count (int) – How many bytes to copy. If count is 0 or larger than len(src[seek:]), all bytes until the end of src are copied.
skip (int) – Offset in dst to copy to.
seek (int) – Offset in src to copy from.
truncate (bool) – If :const:True, dst is truncated at the last copied byte.

Returns:

A modified version of dst. If dst is a mutable type it will be modified in-place.

Examples

>>> dd(tuple('Hello!'), '?', skip = 5)
('H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '?')
>>> dd(list('Hello!'), (63,), skip = 5)
['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '?']
>>> file('/tmp/foo', 'w').write('A' * 10)
>>> dd(file('/tmp/foo'), file('/dev/zero'), skip = 3, count = 4).read()
'AAA\x00\x00\x00\x00AAA'
>>> file('/tmp/foo', 'w').write('A' * 10)
>>> dd(file('/tmp/foo'), file('/dev/zero'), skip = 3, count = 4, truncate = True).read()
'AAA\x00\x00\x00\x00'

pwnlib.util.packing.fit(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: Legacy alias for :func:flat

pwnlib.util.packing.flat(*a, **kw)[source]¶

flat(*args, preprocessor = None, length = None, filler = de_bruijn(),: word_size = None, endianness = None, sign = None) -> str

Flattens the arguments into a string.

This function takes an arbitrary number of arbitrarily nested lists, tuples and dictionaries. It will then find every string and number inside those and flatten them out. Strings are inserted directly while numbers are packed using the pack() function. Unicode strings are UTF-8 encoded.

Dictionary keys give offsets at which to place the corresponding values (which are recursively flattened). Offsets are relative to where the flattened dictionary occurs in the output (i.e. {0: ‘foo’} is equivalent to ‘foo’). Offsets can be integers, unicode strings or regular strings. Integer offsets >= 2**(word_size-8) are converted to a string using :func:pack. Unicode strings are UTF-8 encoded. After these conversions offsets are either integers or strings. In the latter case, the offset will be the lowest index at which the string occurs in filler. See examples below.

Space between pieces of data is filled out using the iterable filler. The n’th byte in the output will be byte at index n % len(iterable) byte in filler if it has finite length or the byte at index n otherwise.

If length is given, the output will be padded with bytes from filler to be this size. If the output is longer than length, a ValueError exception is raised.

The three kwargs word_size, endianness and sign will default to using values in pwnlib.context if not specified as an argument.

Parameters:

args – Values to flatten
preprocessor (function) – Gets called on every element to optionally transform the element before flattening. If None is returned, then the original value is used.
length – The length of the output.
filler – Iterable to use for padding.
word_size (int) – Word size of the converted integer.
endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”).
sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (False/True)

Examples

>>> flat(1, "test", [[["AB"]*2]*3], endianness = 'little', word_size = 16, sign = False)
'\x01\x00testABABABABABAB'
>>> flat([1, [2, 3]], preprocessor = lambda x: str(x+1))
'234'
>>> flat({12: 0x41414141,
...       24: 'Hello',
...      })
'aaaabaaacaaaAAAAeaaafaaaHello'
>>> flat({'caaa': ''})
'aaaabaaa'
>>> flat({12: 'XXXX'}, filler = 'AB', length = 20)
'ABABABABABABXXXXABAB'
>>> flat({ 8: [0x41414141, 0x42424242],
...       20: 'CCCC'})
'aaaabaaaAAAABBBBeaaaCCCC'
>>> flat({ 0x61616162: 'X'})
'aaaaX'
>>> flat({4: {0: 'X', 4: 'Y'}})
'aaaaXaaaY'

pwnlib.util.packing.make_packer(word_size = None, endianness = None, sign = None) → number → str[source]¶

Creates a packer by “freezing” the given arguments.

Semantically calling make_packer(w, e, s)(data) is equivalent to calling pack(data, w, e, s). If word_size is one of 8, 16, 32 or 64, it is however faster to call this function, since it will then use a specialized version.

Parameters:

word_size (int) – The word size to be baked into the returned packer or the string all (in bits).
endianness (str) – The endianness to be baked into the returned packer. (“little”/”big”)
sign (str) – The signness to be baked into the returned packer. (“unsigned”/”signed”)
kwargs – Additional context flags, for setting by alias (e.g. endian= rather than index)

Returns:

A function, which takes a single argument in the form of a number and returns a string of that number in a packed form.

Examples

>>> p = make_packer(32, endian='little', sign='unsigned')
>>> p
<function _p32lu at 0x...>
>>> p(42)
'*\x00\x00\x00'
>>> p(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
error: integer out of range for 'I' format code
>>> make_packer(33, endian='little', sign='unsigned')
<function <lambda> at 0x...>

pwnlib.util.packing.make_unpacker(word_size = None, endianness = None, sign = None, **kwargs) → str → number[source]¶

Creates a unpacker by “freezing” the given arguments.

Semantically calling make_unpacker(w, e, s)(data) is equivalent to calling unpack(data, w, e, s). If word_size is one of 8, 16, 32 or 64, it is however faster to call this function, since it will then use a specialized version.

Parameters:	word_size (int) – The word size to be baked into the returned packer (in bits). endianness (str) – The endianness to be baked into the returned packer. (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – The signness to be baked into the returned packer. (“unsigned”/”signed”) kwargs – Additional context flags, for setting by alias (e.g. `endian=` rather than index)
Returns:	A function, which takes a single argument in the form of a string and returns a number of that string in an unpacked form.

Examples

>>> u = make_unpacker(32, endian='little', sign='unsigned')
>>> u
<function _u32lu at 0x...>
>>> hex(u('/bin'))
'0x6e69622f'
>>> u('abcde')
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
error: unpack requires a string argument of length 4
>>> make_unpacker(33, endian='little', sign='unsigned')
<function <lambda> at 0x...>

pwnlib.util.packing.p16(number, sign, endian, ...) → str[source]¶

Packs an 16-bit integer

Parameters:	number (int) – Number to convert endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (“unsigned”/”signed”) kwargs (dict) – Arguments passed to context.local(), such as `endian` or `signed`.
Returns:	The packed number as a string

pwnlib.util.packing.p32(number, sign, endian, ...) → str[source]¶

Packs an 32-bit integer

Parameters:	number (int) – Number to convert endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (“unsigned”/”signed”) kwargs (dict) – Arguments passed to context.local(), such as `endian` or `signed`.
Returns:	The packed number as a string

pwnlib.util.packing.p64(number, sign, endian, ...) → str[source]¶

Packs an 64-bit integer

Parameters:	number (int) – Number to convert endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (“unsigned”/”signed”) kwargs (dict) – Arguments passed to context.local(), such as `endian` or `signed`.
Returns:	The packed number as a string

pwnlib.util.packing.p8(number, sign, endian, ...) → str[source]¶

Packs an 8-bit integer

Parameters:	number (int) – Number to convert endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (“unsigned”/”signed”) kwargs (dict) – Arguments passed to context.local(), such as `endian` or `signed`.
Returns:	The packed number as a string

pwnlib.util.packing.pack(number, word_size = None, endianness = None, sign = None, **kwargs) → str[source]¶

Packs arbitrary-sized integer.

Word-size, endianness and signedness is done according to context.

word_size can be any positive number or the string “all”. Choosing the string “all” will output a string long enough to contain all the significant bits and thus be decodable by unpack().

word_size can be any positive number. The output will contain word_size/8 rounded up number of bytes. If word_size is not a multiple of 8, it will be padded with zeroes up to a byte boundary.

Parameters:	number (int) – Number to convert word_size (int) – Word size of the converted integer or the string ‘all’ (in bits). endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (False/True) kwargs – Anything that can be passed to context.local
Returns:	The packed number as a string.

Examples

>>> pack(0x414243, 24, 'big', True)
'ABC'
>>> pack(0x414243, 24, 'little', True)
'CBA'
>>> pack(0x814243, 24, 'big', False)
'\x81BC'
>>> pack(0x814243, 24, 'big', True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
   ...
ValueError: pack(): number does not fit within word_size
>>> pack(0x814243, 25, 'big', True)
'\x00\x81BC'
>>> pack(-1, 'all', 'little', True)
'\xff'
>>> pack(-256, 'all', 'big', True)
'\xff\x00'
>>> pack(0x0102030405, 'all', 'little', True)
'\x05\x04\x03\x02\x01'
>>> pack(-1)
'\xff\xff\xff\xff'
>>> pack(0x80000000, 'all', 'big', True)
'\x00\x80\x00\x00\x00'

pwnlib.util.packing.routine(*a, **kw)[source]¶

u32(number, sign, endian, …) -> int

Unpacks an 32-bit integer

Parameters:	data (str) – String to convert endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (“unsigned”/”signed”) kwargs (dict) – Arguments passed to context.local(), such as `endian` or `signed`.
Returns:	The unpacked number

pwnlib.util.packing.u16(number, sign, endian, ...) → int[source]¶

Unpacks an 16-bit integer

Parameters:	data (str) – String to convert endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (“unsigned”/”signed”) kwargs (dict) – Arguments passed to context.local(), such as `endian` or `signed`.
Returns:	The unpacked number

pwnlib.util.packing.u32(number, sign, endian, ...) → int[source]¶

Unpacks an 32-bit integer

Parameters:	data (str) – String to convert endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (“unsigned”/”signed”) kwargs (dict) – Arguments passed to context.local(), such as `endian` or `signed`.
Returns:	The unpacked number

pwnlib.util.packing.u64(number, sign, endian, ...) → int[source]¶

Unpacks an 64-bit integer

Parameters:	data (str) – String to convert endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (“unsigned”/”signed”) kwargs (dict) – Arguments passed to context.local(), such as `endian` or `signed`.
Returns:	The unpacked number

pwnlib.util.packing.u8(number, sign, endian, ...) → int[source]¶

Unpacks an 8-bit integer

Parameters:	data (str) – String to convert endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (“unsigned”/”signed”) kwargs (dict) – Arguments passed to context.local(), such as `endian` or `signed`.
Returns:	The unpacked number

pwnlib.util.packing.unpack(data, word_size = None, endianness = None, sign = None, **kwargs) → int[source]¶

Packs arbitrary-sized integer.

Word-size, endianness and signedness is done according to context.

word_size can be any positive number or the string “all”. Choosing the string “all” is equivalent to len(data)*8.

If word_size is not a multiple of 8, then the bits used for padding are discarded.

Parameters:	number (int) – String to convert word_size (int) – Word size of the converted integer or the string “all” (in bits). endianness (str) – Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str) – Signedness of the converted integer (False/True) kwargs – Anything that can be passed to context.local
Returns:	The unpacked number.

Examples

>>> hex(unpack('\xaa\x55', 16, endian='little', sign=False))
'0x55aa'
>>> hex(unpack('\xaa\x55', 16, endian='big', sign=False))
'0xaa55'
>>> hex(unpack('\xaa\x55', 16, endian='big', sign=True))
'-0x55ab'
>>> hex(unpack('\xaa\x55', 15, endian='big', sign=True))
'0x2a55'
>>> hex(unpack('\xff\x02\x03', 'all', endian='little', sign=True))
'0x302ff'
>>> hex(unpack('\xff\x02\x03', 'all', endian='big', sign=True))
'-0xfdfd'

pwnlib.util.packing.unpack_many(*a, **kw)[source]¶

unpack(data, word_size = None, endianness = None, sign = None) -> int list

Splits data into groups of word_size//8 bytes and calls unpack() on each group. Returns a list of the results.

word_size must be a multiple of 8 or the string “all”. In the latter case a singleton list will always be returned.

Args: number (int): String to convert word_size (int): Word size of the converted integers or the string “all” (in bits). endianness (str): Endianness of the converted integer (“little”/”big”) sign (str): Signedness of the converted integer (False/True) kwargs: Anything that can be passed to context.local

Returns:	The unpacked numbers.

Examples

>>> map(hex, unpack_many('\xaa\x55\xcc\x33', 16, endian='little', sign=False))
['0x55aa', '0x33cc']
>>> map(hex, unpack_many('\xaa\x55\xcc\x33', 16, endian='big', sign=False))
['0xaa55', '0xcc33']
>>> map(hex, unpack_many('\xaa\x55\xcc\x33', 16, endian='big', sign=True))
['-0x55ab', '-0x33cd']
>>> map(hex, unpack_many('\xff\x02\x03', 'all', endian='little', sign=True))
['0x302ff']
>>> map(hex, unpack_many('\xff\x02\x03', 'all', endian='big', sign=True))
['-0xfdfd']

pwnlib.util.packing — Packing and unpacking of strings¶

`pwnlib.util.packing` — Packing and unpacking of strings¶