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Understanding Controllers

In Angular, a Controller is defined by a JavaScript constructor function that is used to augment the Angular Scope.

When a Controller is attached to the DOM via the ng-controller directive, Angular will instantiate a new Controller object, using the specified Controller's constructor function. A new child scope will be created and made available as an injectable parameter to the Controller's constructor function as $scope.

If the controller has been attached using the controller as syntax then the controller instance will be assigned to a property on the new scope.

Use controllers to:

Do not use controllers to:

Setting up the initial state of a $scope object

Typically, when you create an application you need to set up the initial state for the Angular $scope. You set up the initial state of a scope by attaching properties to the $scope object. The properties contain the view model (the model that will be presented by the view). All the $scope properties will be available to the template at the point in the DOM where the Controller is registered.

The following example demonstrates creating a GreetingController, which attaches a greeting property containing the string 'Hola!' to the $scope:

var myApp = angular.module('myApp',[]);

myApp.controller('GreetingController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
  $scope.greeting = 'Hola!';
}]);

We create an Angular Module, myApp, for our application. Then we add the controller's constructor function to the module using the .controller() method. This keeps the controller's constructor function out of the global scope.

We have used an inline injection annotation to explicitly specify the dependency of the Controller on the $scope service provided by Angular. See the guide on Dependency Injection for more information.

We attach our controller to the DOM using the ng-controller directive. The greeting property can now be data-bound to the template:

<div ng-controller="GreetingController">
  {{ greeting }}
</div>

Adding Behavior to a Scope Object

In order to react to events or execute computation in the view we must provide behavior to the scope. We add behavior to the scope by attaching methods to the $scope object. These methods are then available to be called from the template/view.

The following example uses a Controller to add a method, which doubles a number, to the scope:

var myApp = angular.module('myApp',[]);

myApp.controller('DoubleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
  $scope.double = function(value) { return value * 2; };
}]);

Once the Controller has been attached to the DOM, the double method can be invoked in an Angular expression in the template:

<div ng-controller="DoubleController">
  Two times <input ng-model="num"> equals {{ double(num) }}
</div>

As discussed in the Concepts section of this guide, any objects (or primitives) assigned to the scope become model properties. Any methods assigned to the scope are available in the template/view, and can be invoked via angular expressions and ng event handler directives (e.g. ngClick).

Using Controllers Correctly

In general, a Controller shouldn't try to do too much. It should contain only the business logic needed for a single view.

The most common way to keep Controllers slim is by encapsulating work that doesn't belong to controllers into services and then using these services in Controllers via dependency injection. This is discussed in the Dependency Injection and Services sections of this guide.

Associating Controllers with Angular Scope Objects

You can associate Controllers with scope objects implicitly via the ngController directive or $route service.

Simple Spicy Controller Example

To illustrate further how Controller components work in Angular, let's create a little app with the following components:

The message in our template contains a binding to the spice model which, by default, is set to the string "very". Depending on which button is clicked, the spice model is set to chili or jalapeño, and the message is automatically updated by data-binding.

<div ng-controller="SpicyController">
 <button ng-click="chiliSpicy()">Chili</button>
 <button ng-click="jalapenoSpicy()">Jalapeño</button>
 <p>The food is {{spice}} spicy!</p>
</div>

Things to notice in the example above:

Spicy Arguments Example

Controller methods can also take arguments, as demonstrated in the following variation of the previous example.

<div ng-controller="SpicyController">
 <input ng-model="customSpice">
 <button ng-click="spicy('chili')">Chili</button>
 <button ng-click="spicy(customSpice)">Custom spice</button>
 <p>The food is {{spice}} spicy!</p>
</div>

Notice that the SpicyController Controller now defines just one method called spicy, which takes one argument called spice. The template then refers to this Controller method and passes in a string constant 'chili' in the binding for the first button and a model property customSpice (bound to an input box) in the second button.

Scope Inheritance Example

It is common to attach Controllers at different levels of the DOM hierarchy. Since the ng-controller directive creates a new child scope, we get a hierarchy of scopes that inherit from each other. The $scope that each Controller receives will have access to properties and methods defined by Controllers higher up the hierarchy. See Understanding Scopes for more information about scope inheritance.

<div class="spicy">
  <div ng-controller="MainController">
    <p>Good {{timeOfDay}}, {{name}}!</p>

    <div ng-controller="ChildController">
      <p>Good {{timeOfDay}}, {{name}}!</p>

      <div ng-controller="GrandChildController">
        <p>Good {{timeOfDay}}, {{name}}!</p>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

Notice how we nested three ng-controller directives in our template. This will result in four scopes being created for our view:

Inheritance works with methods in the same way as it does with properties. So in our previous examples, all of the properties could be replaced with methods that return string values.

Testing Controllers

Although there are many ways to test a Controller, one of the best conventions, shown below, involves injecting the $rootScope and $controller:

Controller Definition:

var myApp = angular.module('myApp',[]);

myApp.controller('MyController', function($scope) {
  $scope.spices = [{"name":"pasilla", "spiciness":"mild"},
                   {"name":"jalapeno", "spiciness":"hot hot hot!"},
                   {"name":"habanero", "spiciness":"LAVA HOT!!"}];
  $scope.spice = "habanero";
});

Controller Test:

describe('myController function', function() {

  describe('myController', function() {
    var $scope;

    beforeEach(module('myApp'));

    beforeEach(inject(function($rootScope, $controller) {
      $scope = $rootScope.$new();
      $controller('MyController', {$scope: $scope});
    }));

    it('should create "spices" model with 3 spices', function() {
      expect($scope.spices.length).toBe(3);
    });

    it('should set the default value of spice', function() {
      expect($scope.spice).toBe('habanero');
    });
  });
});

If you need to test a nested Controller you must create the same scope hierarchy in your test that exists in the DOM:

describe('state', function() {
    var mainScope, childScope, grandChildScope;

    beforeEach(module('myApp'));

    beforeEach(inject(function($rootScope, $controller) {
        mainScope = $rootScope.$new();
        $controller('MainController', {$scope: mainScope});
        childScope = mainScope.$new();
        $controller('ChildController', {$scope: childScope});
        grandChildScope = childScope.$new();
        $controller('GrandChildController', {$scope: grandChildScope});
    }));

    it('should have over and selected', function() {
        expect(mainScope.timeOfDay).toBe('morning');
        expect(mainScope.name).toBe('Nikki');
        expect(childScope.timeOfDay).toBe('morning');
        expect(childScope.name).toBe('Mattie');
        expect(grandChildScope.timeOfDay).toBe('evening');
        expect(grandChildScope.name).toBe('Gingerbread Baby');
    });
});