The latest version of the library is on Paul Stoffregen's site. The rest of this page is a work in progress.
OneWire is currently maintained by Paul Stoffregen. If you find a bug or have an improvement (to the library), email paul at pjrc dot com. Please be sure you are using the latest version of OneWire.
Bus is a subclass of the OneWire library. Bus class scans the 1 wire Bus connected to an arduino UNO analog pin and stores the ROMs in an array. Several methods are available in the Bus class to acquire datas from by different 1wire sensors (DS18B20, DS2438).
Dallas Semiconductor (now Maxim) produces a family of devices that are controlled through a proprietary 1-wire protocol. There are no fees for programmers using the Dallas 1-Wire (trademark) drivers.
On a 1-Wire network, which Dallas has dubbed a "MicroLan" (trademark), a single "master" device communicates with one or more 1-Wire "slave" devices over a single data line, which can also be used to provide power to the slave devices. (Devices drawing power from the 1-wire bus are said to be operating in parasitic power mode.) http://sheepdogguides.com/arduino/asw1onew1.htm Tom Boyd's guide to 1-Wire may tell you more than you want to know... but it may also answer questions and inspire interest.
The 1-wire temperature sensors have become particularly popular, because they're inexpensive and easy to use, providing calibrated digital temperature readings directly. They are more tolerant of long wires between sensor and Arduino. The sample code below demonstrates how to interface with a 1-wire device using Jim Studt's OneWire Arduino library, with the DS18S20 digital thermometer as an example. Many 1-Wire chips can operate in both parasitic and normal power modes.
Dedicated Bus Masters
Dallas/Maxim and a number of other companies manufacture dedicated bus masters for read/write and management of 1Wire networks. Most of these are listed here:
http://owfs.org/index.php?page=bus-masters
These devices are specifically designed and optimized to read and write efficiently to 1Wire devices and networks. Similar to UART/USART masters, they handle clocked operations natively with the use of a buffer, offloading the processing load from the host processor (e.g. sensor gateway or microcontroller) and increase accuracy. External pull-up resistors are also often not required.
Many of the chips provide error-handling that specifically deals with loss of signal integrity, level variation, reflections, and other bus issues that may cause problems, particularly on large networks. Many of the devices have additional features, and are offered on a large variety of interfaces. They range in price from $1 to $30.
Another key advantage is support of , a read/write file system with vast device support for 1Wire masters that exposes many native functions for a wide variety of 1Wire device types.
UART/USART Masters
Most UART/USARTs are perfectly capable of sustained speeds well in excess of the 15.4kbps required of the 1Wire bus in standard mode. More important, the clock and buffering is handled separately, again offloading it from the main process of the microcontroller or main processor. This implementation is discussed here:
http://www.maximintegrated.com/en/app-notes/index.mvp/id/214
Bitbanging approaches
Where native buffering/clock management is not available, 1Wire may be implemented on a general purpose IO (GPIO) pin, where manual toggle of the pin state is used to emulate a UART/USART with reconstruction of the signal from the received data. These are typically much less processor-efficient, and directly impact and are directly impacted by other processes on the processor shared with other system processes.
On Arduino and other compatible chips, this may be done with the OneWire library (linked above, examples below) on any available digital pin.
On single-board computers such as the Raspberry Pi, 1Wire network read is often possible using kernel drivers that offer native support. The w1-gpio, w1-gpio-therm, and w1-gpio-custom kernel mods are included in the most recent distributions of Raspbian and are quite popular, as they allow interfacing with a subset of 1Wire device with no additional hardware. Currently, however, they have limited device support, and have bus size limitations in software.
The chip can be powered two ways. One (the "parasitic" option) means that only two wires need go to the chip. The other may, in some cases, give more reliable operation (parasitic often works well), as an extra wire carrying the power for the chip is involved. For getting started, especially if your chip is within 20 feet of your Arduino, the parasitic option is probably fine. The code below works for either option, anyway.
Parasite power mode
When operating in parasite power mode, only two wires are required: one data wire, and ground. In this mode, the power line must be connected to ground, per the datasheet. At the master, a 4.7k pull-up resistor must be connected to the 1-wire bus. When the line is in a "high" state, the device pulls current to charge an internal capacitor.
This current is usually very small, but may go as high as 1.5 mA when doing a temperature conversion or writing EEPROM. When a slave device is performing one these operations, the bus master must keep the bus pulled high to provide power until the operation completes; a delay of 750ms is required for a DS18S20 temperature conversion. The master can't do anything during this time, like issuing commands to other devices, or polling for the slave's operation to be completed. To support this, the OneWire library makes it possible to have the bus held high after the data is written.
Normal (external supply) mode
With an external supply, three wires are required: the bus wire, ground, and power. The 4.7k pull-up resistor is still required on the bus wire. As the bus is free for data transfer, the microcontroller can continually poll the state of a device doing a conversion. This way, a conversion request can finish as soon as the device reports being done, as opposed to having to wait for conversion time (dependent on device function and resolution) in "parasite" power mode.
Note on resistors:
For larger networks, you can try smaller resistors.
The ATmega328/168 datasheet indicates starting at 1k6 and a number of users have found smaller to work better on larger networks.
Each 1-Wire device contains a unique 64-bit 'ROM' address, consisting of an 8-bit family code, a 48-bit serial number, and an 8-bit CRC. The CRC is used to verify the integrity of the data. For example, the sample code, below, checks if the device being addressed is a DS18S20 temperature sensor by checking for its family code, 0x10. To use the sample code with the newer DS18B20 sensor, you'd check for a family code of 0x28, instead, and for the DS1822 you'd check for 0x22.
Single-device commands
Before sending a command to a single slave device, the master must first select that device using its unique ROM. Subsequent commands will be responded to by the selected device, if found.
Multiple-device commands
Alternatively, you can address a command to all slave devices by issuing a 'Skip ROM' command (0xCC), instead. It is important to consider the effects of issuing a command to multiple devices. Sometimes, this may be intended and beneficial. For example, issuing a Skip ROM followed by a convert T (0x44) would instruct all networked devices that have a Convert T command to perform a temperature conversion. This can be a time-saving and efficient way of performing the operations. On the other hand, issuing a Read Scratchpad (0xBE) command would cause all devices to report Scratchpad data simultaneously. Power consumption of all devices (for example, during a temperature conversion) is also important when using a Skip ROM command sequence.
Please see the DS18S20 or DS18B20 datasheets for more detailed information.
Reading a 1Wire device requires multiple steps. The details are device-dependent, in that devices are capable of reporting different measurables. The popular DS18B20, for example, reads and reports temperature, while a DS2438 reads voltage, current, and temperature.
Two Main Read Process Steps:
Conversion
A command is issued to the device to perform an internal conversion operation. With a DS18B20, this is the Convert T (0x44) byte command. In the OneWire library, this is issued as ds.write(0x44), where ds is an instance of the OneWire class. After this command is issued, the device reads the internal ADC,and when this process is complete, it copies the data into the Scratchpad registers. This length of this conversion process varies depending on the resolution and is listed in the device datasheet. a DS18B20 takes from 94 (9-bit resolution) to 750ms (12-bit resolution) to convert temperature (c.f. DS18B20 Datasheet). While the conversion is taking place, the device may be polled, e.g. using in the ds.read() command in OneWire, to see if it has successfully performed a conversion.
Read Scratchpad
Once the data has been converted, it is copied into the Scratchpad memory, where it may be read. Note that the Scratchpad may be read at any time without a conversion command to recall the most previous reading, as well as the resolution of the device and other device-dependent configuration options.
Asynchronous vs. Synchronous read/write
The majority of existing code for 1Wire devices, particularly that written for Arduino, uses a very basic "Convert, Wait, Read" algorithm, even for multiple devices. This creates several problems:
Program timing for other functions
Arguably the biggest problem with using the above methodology is that unless threading measures are undertaken, the device must sit (hang) and wait for the conversion to take place if a hardcoded wait time is included. This presents a serious problem if other timed processes exist, and even if they don't -- many programs wait for user input, process data, and perform many other functions that cannot be put on hold for the time necessary for a temperature conversion process. As noted above and below, a 12-bit conversion process for a DS18B20 can take as long as 750ms. There is no reason to use the wait method, unless it is desired that the controller do nothing (at all) until the measurement conversion is complete. It is far more efficient to issue a conversion command and return later to pick up the measurement with a Read Scratchpad command once the conversion is complete.
Scaling for Poll Speed with multiple devices
Another major problem with the "Convert, Wait, Read" method is that it scales very poorly, and for no good reason. All conversion commands can be issued in series (or simultaneously, by issuing a Skip ROM and then Convert command), and the result can then be read back in succession. See discussion here: http://interfaceinnovations.org/onewireoptimization.html
Adjustment of wait time to required conversion time
The most efficient and expeditious read of 1Wire devices explicitly takes into account the conversion time of the device being read, which is typically a function of read resolution. In the example below, for example, 1000ms is given, while the datasheet lists 750ms as the maximum conversion time, and typical conversion takes place in 625ms or less. Most important, the value should be adjusted for the resolution that is currently being polled. A 9-bit conversion, for example, will take 94ms or less, and waiting for 1000ms simply doesn't make sense. As noted above, the most efficient way to poll is the use a read time slot to poll the device. In this fashion one can know exactly when the result is ready and pick it up immediately.
For discussion and code examples on this topic, please see: http://www.cupidcontrols.com/2014/10/moteino-arduino-and-1wire-optimize-your-read-for-speed/
In 2007, Jim Studt created the original OneWire library that makes it easy to work with 1-Wire devices. The forum thread describes the evolution. Jim's original version only worked with arduino-007 and required a large (256-byte) lookup table to perform CRC calculations. This was later updated to work with arduino-0008 and later releases. The most recent version (unavailable at this moment?) eliminates the CRC lookup table; it has been tested under arduino-0010.
The OneWire library has a bug causing an infinite loop when using the search function. Fixes to this can be found in this Arduino thread, see posts #3, #17, #24, #27 for a variety of fixes.
Version 2.0 merges Robin James's improved search function and includes Paul Stoffregen's improved I/O routines (fixes occasional communication errors), and also has several small optimizations.
Version 2.1 adds compatibility with Arduino 1.0-beta and an improved temperature example (Paul Stoffregen), DS250x PROM example (Guillermo Lovato), chipKit compatibility (Jason Dangel), CRC16, convenience functions and DS2408 example (Glenn Trewitt).
Miles Burton derived its Dallas Temperature Control Library from it as well.
For more compact version of the code above, as well as for description of sensor's command interface look here.
In order to convert the HEX code to a temperature value, first you need to identify if you are using a DS18S20, or DS18B20 series sensor. The code to read the temperature needs to be slightly different for the DS18B20 (and DS1822), because it returns a 12-bit temperature value (0.0625 deg precision), while the DS18S20 and DS1820 return 9-bit values (0.5 deg precision).
First off, you need to define some variables, (put right under loop() above)
Then for a DS18B20 series you will add the following code below the Serial.println(); above
This block of code converts the temperature to deg C and prints it to the Serial output.
Above example works only for the B-type of the DS1820. Here is a code example that works with the lower resolution DS1820 and with multiple sensors diplaying their values on a LCD. Example is working with Arduino pin 9. Feel free to change that to an appropriate pin for your use. Pin 1 and 3 of the DS1820 has to be put to ground! In the example a 5k resistor is put from pin 2 of DS1820 to Vcc (+5V). See LiquidCrystal documentation for connecting the LCD to the Arduino.
