Dynamic Inventory

Example: The Cobbler External Inventory Script

It is expected that many Ansible users with a reasonable amount of physical hardware may also be Cobbler users. (note: Cobbler was originally written by Michael DeHaan and is now led by James Cammarata, who also works for Ansible, Inc).

While primarily used to kickoff OS installations and manage DHCP and DNS, Cobbler has a generic layer that allows it to represent data for multiple configuration management systems (even at the same time), and has been referred to as a ‘lightweight CMDB’ by some admins.

To tie Ansible’s inventory to Cobbler (optional), copy this script to /etc/ansible and chmod +x the file. cobblerd will now need to be running when you are using Ansible and you’ll need to use Ansible’s -i command line option (e.g. -i /etc/ansible/cobbler.py). This particular script will communicate with Cobbler using Cobbler’s XMLRPC API.

First test the script by running /etc/ansible/cobbler.py directly. You should see some JSON data output, but it may not have anything in it just yet.

Let’s explore what this does. In cobbler, assume a scenario somewhat like the following:

cobbler profile add --name=webserver --distro=CentOS6-x86_64
cobbler profile edit --name=webserver --mgmt-classes="webserver" --ksmeta="a=2 b=3"
cobbler system edit --name=foo --dns-name="foo.example.com" --mgmt-classes="atlanta" --ksmeta="c=4"
cobbler system edit --name=bar --dns-name="bar.example.com" --mgmt-classes="atlanta" --ksmeta="c=5"

In the example above, the system ‘foo.example.com’ will be addressable by ansible directly, but will also be addressable when using the group names ‘webserver’ or ‘atlanta’. Since Ansible uses SSH, we’ll try to contact system foo over ‘foo.example.com’, only, never just ‘foo’. Similarly, if you try “ansible foo” it wouldn’t find the system... but “ansible ‘foo*’” would, because the system DNS name starts with ‘foo’.

The script doesn’t just provide host and group info. In addition, as a bonus, when the ‘setup’ module is run (which happens automatically when using playbooks), the variables ‘a’, ‘b’, and ‘c’ will all be auto-populated in the templates:

# file: /srv/motd.j2
Welcome, I am templated with a value of a={{ a }}, b={{ b }}, and c={{ c }}

Which could be executed just like this:

ansible webserver -m setup
ansible webserver -m template -a "src=/tmp/motd.j2 dest=/etc/motd"

So, with the template above (motd.j2), this would result in the following data being written to /etc/motd for system ‘foo’:

Welcome, I am templated with a value of a=2, b=3, and c=4

And on system ‘bar’ (bar.example.com):

Welcome, I am templated with a value of a=2, b=3, and c=5

And technically, though there is no major good reason to do it, this also works too:

ansible webserver -m shell -a "echo {{ a }}"

So in other words, you can use those variables in arguments/actions as well.

Example: AWS EC2 External Inventory Script

If you use Amazon Web Services EC2, maintaining an inventory file might not be the best approach, because hosts may come and go over time, be managed by external applications, or you might even be using AWS autoscaling. For this reason, you can use the EC2 external inventory script.

You can use this script in one of two ways. The easiest is to use Ansible’s -i command line option and specify the path to the script after marking it executable:

ansible -i ec2.py -u ubuntu us-east-1d -m ping

The second option is to copy the script to /etc/ansible/hosts and chmod +x it. You will also need to copy the ec2.ini file to /etc/ansible/ec2.ini. Then you can run ansible as you would normally.

To successfully make an API call to AWS, you will need to configure Boto (the Python interface to AWS). There are a variety of methods available, but the simplest is just to export two environment variables:

export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID='AK123'
export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY='abc123'

You can test the script by itself to make sure your config is correct:

cd contrib/inventory
./ec2.py --list

After a few moments, you should see your entire EC2 inventory across all regions in JSON.

If you use boto profiles to manage multiple AWS accounts, you can pass --profile PROFILE name to the ec2.py script. An example profile might be:

[profile dev]
aws_access_key_id = <dev access key>
aws_secret_access_key = <dev secret key>

[profile prod]
aws_access_key_id = <prod access key>
aws_secret_access_key = <prod secret key>

You can then run ec2.py --profile prod to get the inventory for the prod account, this option is not supported by anisble-playbook though. But you can use the AWS_PROFILE variable - e.g. AWS_PROFILE=prod ansible-playbook -i ec2.py myplaybook.yml

Since each region requires its own API call, if you are only using a small set of regions, feel free to edit ec2.ini and list only the regions you are interested in. There are other config options in ec2.ini including cache control, and destination variables.

At their heart, inventory files are simply a mapping from some name to a destination address. The default ec2.ini settings are configured for running Ansible from outside EC2 (from your laptop for example) – and this is not the most efficient way to manage EC2.

If you are running Ansible from within EC2, internal DNS names and IP addresses may make more sense than public DNS names. In this case, you can modify the destination_variable in ec2.ini to be the private DNS name of an instance. This is particularly important when running Ansible within a private subnet inside a VPC, where the only way to access an instance is via its private IP address. For VPC instances, vpc_destination_variable in ec2.ini provides a means of using which ever boto.ec2.instance variable makes the most sense for your use case.

The EC2 external inventory provides mappings to instances from several groups:

Global

All instances are in group ec2.

Instance ID

These are groups of one since instance IDs are unique. e.g. i-00112233 i-a1b1c1d1

Region

A group of all instances in an AWS region. e.g. us-east-1 us-west-2

Availability Zone

A group of all instances in an availability zone. e.g. us-east-1a us-east-1b

Security Group

Instances belong to one or more security groups. A group is created for each security group, with all characters except alphanumerics, dashes (-) converted to underscores (_). Each group is prefixed by security_group_ e.g. security_group_default security_group_webservers security_group_Pete_s_Fancy_Group

Tags

Each instance can have a variety of key/value pairs associated with it called Tags. The most common tag key is ‘Name’, though anything is possible. Each key/value pair is its own group of instances, again with special characters converted to underscores, in the format tag_KEY_VALUE e.g. tag_Name_Web can be used as is tag_Name_redis-master-001 becomes tag_Name_redis_master_001 tag_aws_cloudformation_logical-id_WebServerGroup becomes tag_aws_cloudformation_logical_id_WebServerGroup

When the Ansible is interacting with a specific server, the EC2 inventory script is called again with the --host HOST option. This looks up the HOST in the index cache to get the instance ID, and then makes an API call to AWS to get information about that specific instance. It then makes information about that instance available as variables to your playbooks. Each variable is prefixed by ec2_. Here are some of the variables available:

• ec2_architecture
• ec2_description
• ec2_dns_name
• ec2_id
• ec2_image_id
• ec2_instance_type
• ec2_ip_address
• ec2_kernel
• ec2_key_name
• ec2_launch_time
• ec2_monitored
• ec2_ownerId
• ec2_placement
• ec2_platform
• ec2_previous_state
• ec2_private_dns_name
• ec2_private_ip_address
• ec2_public_dns_name
• ec2_ramdisk
• ec2_region
• ec2_root_device_name
• ec2_root_device_type
• ec2_security_group_ids
• ec2_security_group_names
• ec2_spot_instance_request_id
• ec2_state
• ec2_state_code
• ec2_state_reason
• ec2_status
• ec2_subnet_id
• ec2_tag_Name
• ec2_tenancy
• ec2_virtualization_type
• ec2_vpc_id

Both ec2_security_group_ids and ec2_security_group_names are comma-separated lists of all security groups. Each EC2 tag is a variable in the format ec2_tag_KEY.

To see the complete list of variables available for an instance, run the script by itself:

cd contrib/inventory
./ec2.py --host ec2-12-12-12-12.compute-1.amazonaws.com

Note that the AWS inventory script will cache results to avoid repeated API calls, and this cache setting is configurable in ec2.ini. To explicitly clear the cache, you can run the ec2.py script with the --refresh-cache parameter:

# ./ec2.py --refresh-cache

Example: OpenStack External Inventory Script

If you use an OpenStack based cloud, instead of manually maintaining your own inventory file, you can use the openstack.py dynamic inventory to pull information about your compute instances directly from OpenStack.

You can download the latest version of the OpenStack inventory script at: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ansible/ansible/devel/contrib/inventory/openstack.py

You can use the inventory script explicitly (by passing the -i openstack.py argument to Ansible) or implicitly (by placing the script at /etc/ansible/hosts).

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ansible/ansible/devel/contrib/inventory/openstack.py
chmod +x openstack.py

source openstack.rc

./openstack.py --list

ansible -i openstack.py all -m ping

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ansible/ansible/devel/contrib/inventory/openstack.py
chmod +x openstack.py
sudo cp openstack.py /etc/ansible/hosts

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ansible/ansible/devel/contrib/inventory/openstack.yml
vi openstack.yml
sudo cp openstack.yml /etc/ansible/

/etc/ansible/hosts --list

Other inventory scripts

In addition to Cobbler and EC2, inventory scripts are also available for:

BSD Jails
DigitalOcean
Google Compute Engine
Linode
OpenShift
OpenStack Nova
Ovirt
SpaceWalk
Vagrant (not to be confused with the provisioner in vagrant, which is preferred)
Zabbix

Sections on how to use these in more detail will be added over time, but by looking at the “contrib/inventory” directory of the Ansible checkout it should be very obvious how to use them. The process for the AWS inventory script is the same.

If you develop an interesting inventory script that might be general purpose, please submit a pull request – we’d likely be glad to include it in the project.

Using Inventory Directories and Multiple Inventory Sources

If the location given to -i in Ansible is a directory (or as so configured in ansible.cfg), Ansible can use multiple inventory sources at the same time. When doing so, it is possible to mix both dynamic and statically managed inventory sources in the same ansible run. Instant hybrid cloud!

In an inventory directory, executable files will be treated as dynamic inventory sources and most other files as static sources. Files which end with any of the following will be ignored:

~, .orig, .bak, .ini, .retry, .pyc, .pyo

You can replace this list with your own selection by configuring an inventory_ignore_extensions list in ansible.cfg, or setting the ANSIBLE_INVENTORY_IGNORE environment variable. The value in either case should be a comma-separated list of patterns, as shown above.

Any group_vars and host_vars subdirectories in an inventory directory will be interpreted as expected, making inventory directories a powerful way to organize different sets of configurations.

Static Groups of Dynamic Groups

When defining groups of groups in the static inventory file, the child groups must also be defined in the static inventory file, or ansible will return an error. If you want to define a static group of dynamic child groups, define the dynamic groups as empty in the static inventory file. For example:

[tag_Name_staging_foo]

[tag_Name_staging_bar]

[staging:children]
tag_Name_staging_foo
tag_Name_staging_bar