Instancing with signals¶

Signals provide a way to decouple game objects, allowing you to avoid forcing a fixed arrangement of nodes. One sign that a signal might be called for is when you find yourself using get_parent(). Referring directly to a node’s parent means that you can’t easily move that node to another location in the scene tree. This can be especially problematic when you are instancing objects at runtime and may want to place them in an arbitrary location in the running scene tree.

Below we’ll consider an example of such a situation: firing bullets.

Shooting example¶

Consider a player character that can rotate and shoot towards the mouse. Every time the mouse button is clicked, we create an instance of the bullet at the player’s location. See Instancing for details.

We’ll use an Area2D for the bullet, which moves in a straight line at a given velocity:

extends Area2D

var velocity = Vector2.ZERO

func _physics_process(delta):
    position += velocity * delta

public class Bullet : Area2D
{
    Vector2 Velocity = new Vector2();

    public override void _PhysicsProcess(float delta)
    {
        Position += Velocity * delta;
    }
}

However, if the bullets are added as children of the player, then they will remain “attached” to the player as it rotates:

Instead, we need the bullets to be independent of the player’s movement - once fired, they should continue traveling in a straight line and the player can no longer affect them. Instead of being added to the scene tree as a child of the player, it makes more sense to add the bullet as a child of the “main” game scene, which may be the player’s parent or even further up the tree.

You could do this by adding the bullet to the main scene directly:

var bullet_instance = Bullet.instance()
get_parent().add_child(bullet_instance)

Node bulletInstance = Bullet.Instance();
GetParent().AddChild(bulletInstance);

However, this will lead to a different problem. Now if you try to test your “Player” scene independently, it will crash on shooting, because there is no parent node to access. This makes it a lot harder to test your player code independently and also means that if you decide to change your main scene’s node structure, the player’s parent may no longer be the appropriate node to receive the bullets.

The solution to this is to use a signal to “emit” the bullets from the player. The player then has no need to “know” what happens to the bullets after that - whatever node is connected to the signal can “receive” the bullets and take the appropriate action to spawn them.

Here is the code for the player using signals to emit the bullet:

extends Sprite

signal shoot(bullet, direction, location)

var Bullet = preload("res://Bullet.tscn")

func _input(event):
    if event is InputEventMouseButton:
        if event.button_index == BUTTON_LEFT and event.pressed:
            emit_signal("shoot", Bullet, rotation, position)

func _process(delta):
    look_at(get_global_mouse_position())

public class Player : Sprite
{
    [Signal]
    delegate void Shoot(PackedScene bullet, Vector2 direction, Vector2 location);

    private PackedScene _bullet = GD.Load<PackedScene>("res://Bullet.tscn");

    public override void _Input(InputEvent event)
    {
        if (input is InputEventMouseButton mouseButton)
        {
            if (mouseButton.ButtonIndex == (int)ButtonList.Left && mouseButton.Pressed)
            {
                EmitSignal(nameof(Shoot), _bullet, Rotation, Position);
            }
        }
    }

    public override _Process(float delta)
    {
        LookAt(GetGlobalMousePosition());
    }
}

In the main scene, we then connect the player’s signal (it will appear in the “Node” tab).

func _on_Player_shoot(Bullet, direction, location):
    var b = Bullet.instance()
    add_child(b)
    b.rotation = direction
    b.position = location
    b.velocity = b.velocity.rotated(direction)

public void _on_Player_Shoot(PackedScene bullet, Vector2 direction, Vector2 location)
{
    var bulletInstance = (Bullet)bullet.Instance();
    AddChild(bulletInstance);
    bulletInstance.Rotation = direction;
    bulletInstance.Position = location;
    bulletInstance.Velocity = bulletInstance.Velocity.Rotated(direction);
}

Now the bullets will maintain their own movement independent of the player’s rotation: